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@book{.2007,
 year = {2007},
 title = {Methods in Membrane Lipids},
 publisher = {Hu}
}

@article{VanHove.1954,
  title = {Correlations in Space and Time and Born Approximation Scattering in Systems of Interacting Particles},
  author = {Van Hove, L\'eon},
  journal = {Phys. Rev.},
  volume = {95},
  issue = {1},
  pages = {249--262},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1954},
  month = {Jul},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.95.249},
}

@article{Brockhouse.1955,
  title = {Scattering of Neutrons by Phonons in an Aluminum Single Crystal},
  author = {Brockhouse, B. N. and Stewart, A. T.},
  journal = {Phys. Rev.},
  volume = {100},
  issue = {2},
  pages = {756--757},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1955},
  month = {Oct},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.100.756},
}



@article{Copley.1993,
  title = {Correlations in Space and Time and Born Approximation Scattering in Systems of Interacting Particles},
  author = {Copley, J.R. and Udovic, T.J.},
  journal = {J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand.},
  volume = {98},
  issue = {1},
  pages = {71--87},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1993},
}


@article{Anghel.2007,
author = {Anghel, Vinicius N. P. and Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert and Pencer, Jeremy and Katsaras, John},
title = {Scattering from laterally heterogeneous vesicles. II. The form factor},
journal = {J. Appl. Crystallogr.},
volume = {40},
issue = {3},
pages = {513-525},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1107/S002188980701206X}
}


@article{Konyakhina.2013,
title = "Phase diagram of a 4-component lipid mixture: DSPC/DOPC/POPC/chol ",
journal = "Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.",
volume = "1828",
number = "9",
pages = "2204 - 2214",
year = "2013",
doi = "10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.05.020",
author = "Tatyana M. Konyakhina and Jing Wu and James D. Mastroianni and Frederick A. Heberle and Gerald W. Feigenson",
}


@article{NorbertKucerka.2009,
 abstract = {The chemical diversity of lipids and their complex arrangements in
supramolecular assemblies are in stark contrast to our previous notions
of them as passive structural components. For example, in plasma
membranes, sphingolipids are primarily located in the outer monolayer,
whereas unsaturated phospholipids are more abundant in the inner
leaflet. Our recent results offer a direct contribution to the importance
of lipid diversity in biological membranes. We have studied the location
of cholesterol within polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) bilayers
doped with different amounts of monounsaturated (POPC) or disaturated
(DMPC) lipids. Using deuterium labeling and neutron diffraction,
we have found that in PUFA bilayers, cholesterol can be flipped from
its known position in the bilayer center to its commonly assumed
upright orientation simply by varying the amount of POPC. Although
it takes 50 mol {\%} POPC to flip cholesterol in PUFA bilayers, the
same effect is achieved with only 5 mol {\%} DMPC, elegantly emphasizing
cholesterol's affinity for saturated chains. It also suggests that
the presence of PUFA in the inner leaflet of a cellular bilayer may
enhance the transfer of cholesterol to the outer layer, potentially
modifying raft composition and the local function of a membrane.},
 author = {{Norbert~Ku\v{c}erka} and {Drew~Marquardt} and {Thad A.~Harroun} and {Mu-Ping~Nieh} and {Stephen R.~Wassall} and {John~Katsaras}},
 year = {2009},
 title = {The Functional Significance of Lipid Diversity: Orientation of Cholesterol  in Bilayers Is Determined by Lipid Species},
 pages = {16358--16359},
 volume = {131},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja907659u}
}

@article{Bernhoef.1998,
 author = {{N.~Bernhoef} and {A.~Hiess} and {S.~Langridge} and {A.~Stunault} and {D.~Wermeille} and {C.~Vettier} and {G. H.~Landler} and {M.~Huth} and {M.~Jourdan} and {H.~Adrian}},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Probe coherence volume and the interpretation of scattering experiments},
 pages = {3419--3422},
 volume = {81},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
}

@article{Felber.1998,
 author = {{J.~Felber} and {R.~G\"{a}ler} and {R.~Golub} and {K.~Prechtl}},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Coherence volumes and neutron scattering},
 pages = {34--43},
 volume = {252},
 journal = {Physica B},
}


@article{OliveiraCristianoL.P..2012,
 abstract = {A new method for analysis of scattering data from lamellar bilayer systems is presented. The method employs a form-free description of the cross-section structure of the bilayer and the fit is performed directly to the scattering data, introducing also a structure factor when required. The cross-section structure (electron density profile in the case of X-ray scattering) is described by a set of Gaussian functions and the technique is termed Gaussian deconvolution. The coefficients of the Gaussians are optimized using a constrained least-squares routine that induces smoothness of the electron density profile. The optimization is coupled with the point-of-inflection method for determining the optimal weight of the smoothness. With the new approach, it is possible to optimize simultaneously the form factor, structure factor and several other parameters in the model. The applicability of this method is demonstrated by using it in a study of a multilamellar system composed of lecithin bilayers, where the form factor and structure factor are obtained simultaneously, and the obtained results provided new insight into this very well known system.},
 author = {{Oliveira,~Cristiano~L.~P.} and Gerbelli, Barbara B. and {Silva,~Emerson~R.~T.} and Nallet, Fr{\'e}d{\'e}ric and Navailles, Laurence and Oliveira, Elisabeth A. and Pedersen, Jan Skov},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Gaussian deconvolution: a useful method for a form-free modeling of scattering data from mono- and multilayered planar systems},
 urldate = {01.06.2015},
 pages = {1278--1286},
 volume = {45},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0021-8898},
 journal = {J. Appl. Crystallogr.},
 doi = {10.1107/S002188981204191X}
}


@article{Pabst.2004,
 author = {Pabst, G. and Amenitsch, H. and Kharakoz, D. P. and Laggner, P. and Rappolt, M.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Structure and fluctuations of phosphtidylcholines in the vicinity of the main phase transition},
 keywords = {FLUCTUATIONS;PHASE;phase transition;PHASE-TRANSITION;structure;TRANSITION},
 pages = {021908},
 volume = {70},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E}
}


@article{Pabst.2010,
 abstract = {Scattering techniques, in particular electron, neutron and X-ray scattering have played a major role in elucidating the static and dynamic structure of biologically relevant membranes. Importantly, neutron and X-ray scattering have evolved to address new sample preparations that better mimic biological membranes. In this review, we will report on some of the latest model membrane results, and the neutron and X-ray techniques that were used to obtain them.},
 author = {Pabst, G. and Ku{\v{c}}erka, N. and Nieh, M-P and Rheinst{\"a}dter, M. C. and Katsaras, J.},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Applications of neutron and X-ray scattering to the study of biologically relevant model membranes},
 url = {20361949},
 keywords = {Cell Membrane/chemistry;Membrane Proteins/chemistry;Models;Molecular;neutron diffraction;Phospholipids/chemistry;X-Ray Diffraction},
 urldate = {08.06.2015},
 pages = {460--479},
 volume = {163},
 number = {6},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.03.010}
}


@article{Pabst.2000,
 abstract = {We present a method for analyzing small angle x-ray scattering data on multilamellar phospholipid bilayer systems at full hydration. The method utilizes a modified Caille theory structure factor in combination with a Gaussian model representation of the electron density profile such that it accounts also for the diffuse scattering between Bragg peaks. Thus the method can retrieve structural information even if only a few orders of diffraction are observed. We further introduce a procedure to derive fundamental parameters, such as area per lipid, membrane thickness, and number of water molecules per lipid, directly from the electron density profile without the need of additional volumetric measurements. The theoretical apparatus is applied to experimental data on 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 1, 2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine liposome preparations},
 author = {Pabst, G. and Rappolt, M. and Amenitsch, H. and Laggner, P.},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Structural information from multilamellar liposomes at full hydration: full q-range fitting with high quality x-ray data},
 keywords = {ANGLE;ANGLE X-RAY;BILAYER;Biophysics;chemistry;DIFFRACTION;ELECTRON;HYDRATION;lipid;liposomes;membrane;metabolism;MODEL;Models;Molecular;MOLECULES;ORDER;PARAMETERS;PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE;Phosphatidylcholines;PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE;Phosphatidylethanolamines;phospholipid;Phospholipid bilayer;Pt;SCATTERING;Radiation;SMALL-ANGLE;structure;structure factor;Support;Non-U.S.Gov't;SYSTEM;SYSTEMS;THICKNESS;Water;X-RAY;X-Ray Diffraction;X-ray scattering;X-RAY-SCATTERING},
 pages = {4000--4009},
 volume = {62},
 number = {3 Pt B},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E}
}


@book{Pabst.2014,
 year = {2014},
 title = {Liposomes, Lipid Bilayers and Model Membranes: From Basic Research to Application},
 address = {Boca Raton, FL},
 urldate = {20.04.2015},
 publisher = {CRC Press},
 editor = {Pabst, Georg and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nieh, Mu-Ping and Katsaras, John}
}


@book{Pabst.2014b,
 year = {2014},
 title = {Liposomes, Lipid Bilayers and Model Membranes},
 address = {Boca Raton, FL},
 publisher = {CRC Press},
 editor = {Pabst, Georg and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nieh, Mu-Ping and Katsaras, John}
}


@article{Pan.2012,
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Cheng, Xiaolin and Heberle, Frederick A. and Mostofian, Barmak and Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert and Drazba, Paul and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Interactions between Ether Phospholipids and Cholesterol As Determined  by Scattering and Molecular Dynamics Simulations},
 pages = {14829--14838},
 volume = {116},
 number = {51},
 issn = {1520-6106},
 journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B},
 doi = {10.1021/jp310345j}
}


@article{Pan.2014,
 abstract = {Phosphatidylserine (PS) lipids play essential roles in biological processes, including enzyme activation and apoptosis. We report on the molecular structure and atomic scale interactions of a fluid bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine (POPS). A scattering density profile model, aided by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, was developed to jointly refine different contrast small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data, which yielded a lipid area of 62.7 {\AA}(2) at 25 °C. MD simulations with POPS lipid area constrained at different values were also performed using all-atom and aliphatic united-atom models. The optimal simulated bilayer was obtained using a model-free comparison approach. Examination of the simulated bilayer, which agrees best with the experimental scattering data, reveals a preferential interaction between Na(+) ions and the terminal serine and phosphate moieties. Long-range inter-lipid interactions were identified, primarily between the positively charged ammonium, and the negatively charged carboxylic and phosphate oxygens. The area compressibility modulus KA of the POPS bilayer was derived by quantifying lipid area as a function of surface tension from area-constrained MD simulations. It was found that POPS bilayers possess a much larger KA than that of neutral phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers. We propose that the unique molecular features of POPS bilayers may play an important role in certain physiological functions.},
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Cheng, Xiaolin and Monticelli, Luca and Heberle, Frederick A. and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Tieleman, D. Peter and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2014},
 title = {The molecular structure of a phosphatidylserine bilayer determined by scattering and molecular dynamics simulations},
 url = {24807693},
 keywords = {Membrane structure},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {3716--3725},
 volume = {10},
 number = {21},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {Soft Matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c4sm00066h}
}


@article{Pan.2015,
 abstract = {The detailed structural and mechanical properties of a tetraoleoyl cardiolipin (TOCL) bilayer were determined using neutron spin echo (NSE) spectroscopy, small angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS, respectively), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We used MD simulations to develop a scattering density profile (SDP) model, which was then utilized to jointly refine SANS and SAXS data. In addition to commonly reported lipid bilayer structural parameters, component distributions were obtained, including the volume probability, electron density and neutron scattering length density. Of note, the distance between electron density maxima DHH (39.4 {\AA}) and the hydrocarbon chain thickness 2DC (29.1 {\AA}) of TOCL bilayers were both found to be larger than the corresponding values for dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC) bilayers. Conversely, TOCL bilayers have a smaller overall bilayer thickness DB (36.7 {\AA}), primarily due to their smaller headgroup volume per phosphate. SDP analysis yielded a lipid area of 129.8 {\AA}(2), indicating that the cross-sectional area per oleoyl chain in TOCL bilayers (i.e., 32.5 {\AA}(2)) is smaller than that for DOPC bilayers. Multiple sets of MD simulations were performed with the lipid area constrained at different values. The calculated surface tension versus lipid area resulted in a lateral area compressibility modulus KA of 342 mN m(-1), which is slightly larger compared to DOPC bilayers. Model free comparison to experimental scattering data revealed the best simulated TOCL bilayer from which detailed molecular interactions were determined. Specifically, Na(+) cations were found to interact most strongly with the glycerol hydroxyl linkage, followed by the phosphate and backbone carbonyl oxygens. Inter- and intra-lipid interactions were facilitated by hydrogen bonding between the glycerol hydroxyl and phosphate oxygen, but not with the backbone carbonyl. Finally, analysis of the intermediate scattering functions from NSE spectroscopy measurements of TOCL bilayers yielded a bending modulus KC of 1.06 $\times$ 10(-19) J, which was larger than that observed in DOPC bilayers. Our results show the physicochemical properties of cardiolin bilayers that may be important in explaining their functionality in the inner mitochondrial membrane.},
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Cheng, Xiaolin and Sharp, Melissa and Ho, Chian-Sing and Khadka, Nawal and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Structural and mechanical properties of cardiolipin lipid bilayers determined using neutron spin echo, small angle neutron and X-ray scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations},
 url = {25369786},
 keywords = {Membrane structure;CARDIOLIPIN},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {130--138},
 volume = {11},
 number = {1},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {Soft Matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c4sm02227k}
}


@article{Pan.2012b,
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Heberle, Frederick A. and Tristram-Nagle, Stephanie and Szymanski, Michelle and Koepfinger, Mary and Katsaras, John and Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Molecular structures of fluid phase phosphatidylglycerol bilayers  as determined by small angle neutron and X-ray scattering},
 pages = {2135--2148},
 volume = {1818},
 number = {9},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.007}
}


@article{Pan.2012c,
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Heberle, Frederick A. and Tristram-Nagle, Stephanie and Szymanski, Michelle and Koepfinger, Mary and Katsaras, John and Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Molecular structures of fluid phase phosphatidylglycerol bilayers  as determined by small angle neutron and X-ray scattering},
 pages = {2135--2148},
 volume = {1818},
 number = {9},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.05.007}
}


@article{Pan.2014b,
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Marquardt, Drew and Heberle, Frederick A. and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2014},
 title = {Revisiting the bilayer structures of fluid phase phosphatidylglycerol lipids: Accounting for exchangeable hydrogens},
 pages = {2966--2969},
 volume = {1838},
 number = {11},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.08.009}
}


@article{Pan.2008,
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Mills, Thalia T. and Tristram-Nagle, Stephanie and Nagle, John F.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Cholesterol perturbs lipid bilayers nonuniversally},
 volume = {100},
 number = {19},
 issn = {0031-9007},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.198103}
}


@article{Pan.2009,
 abstract = {The effects of cholesterol on membrane bending modulus K-C, membrane
thickness D-HH, the partial and apparent areas of cholesterol and
lipid, and the order parameter S-xray are shown to depend upon the
number of saturated hydrocarbon chains in the lipid molecules. Particularly
striking is the result that up to 40{\%} cholesterol does not increase
the bending modulus K-C of membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine
lipids with two cis monounsaturated chains, although it does have
the expected stiffening effect on membranes composed of lipids with
two saturated chains. The B fluctuational modulus in the smectic
liquid crystal theory is obtained and used to discuss the interactions
between bilayers. Our K-C results motivate a theory of elastic moduli
in the high cholesterol limit and they challenge the relevance of
universality concepts. Although most of our results were obtained
at 30 degrees C, additional data at other temperatures to allow consideration
of a reduced temperature variable do not support universality for
the effect of cholesterol on all lipid bilayers. If the concept of
universality is to be valid, different numbers of saturated chains
must be considered to create different universality classes. The
above experimental results were obtained from analysis of x-ray scattering
in the low angle and wide angle regions.},
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Tristram-Nagle, Stephanie and Nagle, John F.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Effect of cholesterol on structural and mechanical properties of  membranes depends on lipid chain saturation},
 volume = {80},
 number = {2, Part 1},
 issn = {1539-3755},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.80.021931}
}


@article{Papanikolaou.2005,
 abstract = {CD39 ( ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase1; E-NTPDase1)
is a plasma membrane ecto-enzyme that regulates purinergic receptor
signaling by controlling the levels of extracellular nucleotides.
In blood vessels this enzyme exhibits a thromboregulatory role through
the control of platelet aggregation. CD39 is localized in caveolae,
which are plasma membrane invaginations with distinct lipid composition,
similar to dynamic lipid microdomains, called rafts. Cholesterol
is enriched together with sphingolipids in both rafts and caveolae,
as well as in other specialized domains of the membrane, and plays
a key role in their function. Here, we examine the potential role
of cholesterol-enriched domains in CD39 function. Using polarized
Madin-Darby canine kidney ( MDCK) cells and caveolin-1 gene-disrupted
mice, we show that caveolae are not essential either for the enzymatic
activity of CD39 or for its targeting to plasma membrane. On the
other hand, flotation experiments using detergent-free or detergent-based
approaches indicate that CD39 associates, at least in part, with
distinct lipid assemblies. In the apical membrane of MDCK cells,
which lacks caveolae, CD39 is localized in microvilli, which are
also cholesterol and raft-dependent membrane domains. Interfering
with cholesterol levels using drugs that either deplete or sequester
membrane cholesterol results in a strong inhibition of the enzymatic
and anti-platelet activity of CD39. The effects of cholesterol depletion
are completely reversed by replenishment of membranes with pure cholesterol,
but not by cholestenone. These data suggest a functional link between
the localization of CD39 in cholesterol-rich domains of the membrane
and its role in thromboregulation.},
 author = {Papanikolaou, A. and Papafotika, A. and Murphy, C. and Papamarcaki, T. and Tsolas, O. and Drab, M. and Kurzchalia, T. V. and Kasper, M. and Christoforidis, S.},
 year = {2005},
 title = {Cholesterol-dependent lipid assemblies regulate the activity of  the ecto-nucleotidase CD39},
 pages = {26406--26414},
 volume = {280},
 number = {28},
 issn = {0021-9258},
 journal = {J. Biol. Chem.},
 doi = {10.1074/jbc.M413927200}
}


@article{Pare.1998,
 abstract = {It is well established that cholesterol induces the formation of
a liquid-ordered phase in phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayers. The
goal of this work is to examine the influence of cholesterol on phosphatidylethanolamine
polymorphism. The behavior of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanol
(POPE)/cholesterol mixtures was characterized using infrared and
H-2 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (using POPE bearing
a perdeuterated palmitoyl chain in the latter case). Our results
reveal that cholesterol induces the formation of a liquid-ordered
phase in POPE membranes, similar to those observed for various PC/cholesterol
systems. However, the coexistence region of the gel and the liquid-ordered
phases is different from that proposed for PC/cholesterol systems.
The results indicate a progressive broadening of the gel-to-fluid
phase transition, suggesting the absence of an eutectic. In addition,
there is a progressive downshift of the end of the transition for
cholesterol content higher than 10 mol {\%}. Cholesterol has an ordering
effect on the acyl chains of POPE, but it is less pronounced than
for the PC equivalent. This study also shows that the cholesterol
effect on the lamellar-to-hexagonal (L-alpha-H-II) phase transition
is not monotonous. It shifts the transition toward the low temperatures
between 0 and 30 mol {\%} cholesterol but shifts it toward the high
temperatures when cholesterol content is higher than 30 mol {\%}. The
change in conformational order of the lipid acyl chains, as probed
by the shift of the symmetric methylene C-H stretching, shows concerted
variations. Finally, we show that cholesterol maintains its chain
ordering effect in the hexagonal phase.},
 author = {Pare, C. and Lafleur, M.},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Polymorphism of POPE/cholesterol system: A H-2 nuclear magnetic  resonance and infrared spectroscopic investigation},
 pages = {899--909},
 volume = {74},
 number = {2, Part 1},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Pare.2001,
 abstract = {We have studied the effects of the incorporation of the a-helical
transmembrane peptides Ac-K-2-L-24-K-2-amide (L-24) and Ac-K-2-(L-A)(12)-K-2-amide
((LA)(12)) on the thermotropic phase behavior of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-d(62)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DPPC-d(62)) and 1-palmitoyl-d(31)-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(POPC-d(31)) lipid bilayer model membranes by differential scanning
calorimetry (DSC) and the conformational and orientational order
of the phospholipid chains by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
and H-2 nuclear magnetic resonance (H-2-NMR) spectroscopy, respectively.
Our DSC and FTIR spectroscopic studies indicate that the peptides
L-24 and (LA)(12) both decrease the temperature and enthalpy of the
gel/liquid-crystalline phase transition of DPPC-d(62) bilayers, with
(LA)(12) having the greater effect in this regard. An examination
of the frequencies of the CH2 and CD2 symmetric stretching bands
of the infrared spectra of liquid-crystalline states of the peptide-free
and peptide-containing DPPC-d(62) and POPC-d(31) samples, and a comparison
with the orientational order as measured by H-2-NMR spectroscopy
as well as with the chain order as measured by electron spin resonance
spectroscopy, lead us to conclude that the CH2 (or CD2) stretching
frequencies of lipid hydrocarbon chains are not a reliable measure
of chain conformational order in lipid bilayers containing significant
amounts of peptides or other lipophilic inclusions. In contrast,
the results of our H-2-NMR spectroscopic studies present a consistent
picture in which both L-24 and (LA)(12) increased in a similar way
the time-averaged orientational order of the lipid chains of their
liquid-crystalline lipid bilayer hosts. The comparison of the effects
L-24 and (LA)(12) On phosphatidylcholine bilayers indicates that
the gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition appears to be more
sensitive to small changes in transmembrane peptide surface topology
than hydrocarbon carbon chain orientational order in the liquid-crystalline
state. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.},
 author = {Pare, C. and Lafleur, M. and Liu, F. and Lewis, RNAH and McElhaney, R. N.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Differential scanning calorimetry and H-2 nuclear magnetic resonance  and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies of the effects  of transmembrane ex-helical peptides on the organization of phosphatidylcholine  bilayers},
 keywords = {transmembrane peptide;lipid;IR spectroscopy;NMR spectroscopy;lipid chain order},
 pages = {60--73},
 volume = {1511},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0005-2736(00)00382-5}
}


@incollection{Parsegian.1995,
 author = {Parsegian, V. A. and Rand, R. P.},
 title = {Interaction in membrane assemblies},
 keywords = {ASSEMBLIES;DYNAMICS;membrane;Membranes;structure},
 pages = {643--690},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 editor = {Lipowsky, R. and Sackmann, E.},
 booktitle = {Handbook of Biological Physics},
 year = {1995},
 address = {Amterdam}
}


@article{NorbertKucerka.2010,
 author = {{Norbert~Ku\v{c}erka} and {Drew~Marquardt} and {Thad~A.~Harroun} and {Mu-Ping~Nieh} and {Stephen~R.~Wassall} and {Djurre~H.~de~Jong} and {Lars~V.~Schafer} and {Siewert~J.~Marrink} and {John~Katsaras}},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Cholesterol in Bilayers with PUFA Chains: Doping with DMPC or POPC  Results in Sterol Reorientation and Membrane-Domain Formation},
 pages = {7485--7493},
 volume = {49},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi100891z}
}


@article{Parsegian.1986,
 author = {Parsegian, V. A. and Rand, R. P. and Fuller, N. L. and Rau, D. C.},
 year = {1986},
 title = {Osmotic stress for the direct measurement of intermolecular forces},
 keywords = {BILAYER;BILAYERS;Dna;FORCES;Hemoglobins;Human;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;LIPID-BILAYER;LIPID-BILAYERS;Nucleic Acid Conformation;Osmotic Pressure;Protein Conformation;Pt;Stress;Mechanical},
 pages = {400--416},
 volume = {127},
 issn = {0076-6879},
 journal = {Methods Enzymol}
}


@article{Niu.2002,
 author = {Niu, S. L. and Litman, B. J.},
 year = {2002},
 title = {Determination of membrane cholesterol partition coefficient using  a lipid vesicle-cyclodextrin binary system: Effect of phospholipid  acyl chain unsaturation and headgroup composition},
 pages = {3408--3415},
 volume = {83},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Mouritsen.1994,
 author = {Mouritsen, Ole G. and J{\o}rgensen, Kent},
 year = {1994},
 title = {Dynamical order and disorder in lipid bilayers},
 urldate = {10.06.2015},
 pages = {3--25},
 volume = {73},
 number = {1-2},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/0009-3084(94)90171-6}
}


@article{Li.2006,
 abstract = {Analogues of cholesterol (compounds I and 2) and coprostanol (compound
3) containing the BODIPY fluorophore in the aliphatic tail of the
free sterol have been synthesized starting with bisnorcholenic acid,
choleric acid 3 beta-acetate, and lithocholic acid, respectively.
An ester linkage joining the fluorophore to the sterol nucleus interfered
with the ability of the fluorescent sterol to pack with phospholipids
in monolayers. However, an analogue in which the linker was devoid
of polar atoms exhibited a substantially similar physical behavior
to cholesterol in model membranes with respect to localization in
raft domains.},
 author = {Li, Z. G. and Mintzer, E. and Bittman, R.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {First synthesis of free cholesterol - BODIPY conjugates},
 pages = {1718--1721},
 volume = {71},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0022-3263},
 journal = {Journal Of Organic Chemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/jo052029x}
}


@book{Lindner.2002,
 year = {2002},
 title = {Neutron, x-rays and light: Scattering methods applied to soft condensed matter},
 address = {Amsterdam},
 publisher = {North-Holland},
 editor = {Lindner, P. and Zemb, T.}
}


@book{Lindner.2002b,
 year = {2002},
 title = {Neutron, x-rays and light: Scattering methods applied to soft condensed matter},
 address = {Amsterdam},
 publisher = {North-Holland},
 editor = {Lindner, P. and Zemb, T.}
}


@article{Lingwood.2010,
 abstract = {Cell membranes display a tremendous complexity of lipids and proteins designed to perform the functions cells require. To coordinate these functions, the membrane is able to laterally segregate its constituents. This capability is based on dynamic liquid-liquid immiscibility and underlies the raft concept of membrane subcompartmentalization. Lipid rafts are fluctuating nanoscale assemblies of sphingolipid, cholesterol, and proteins that can be stabilized to coalesce, forming platforms that function in membrane signaling and trafficking. Here we review the evidence for how this principle combines the potential for sphingolipid-cholesterol self-assembly with protein specificity to selectively focus membrane bioactivity.},
 author = {Lingwood, Daniel and Simons, Kai},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle},
 url = {20044567},
 keywords = {Animals;Biological Evolution;Cell Membrane/chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure;Cholesterol/chemistry/metabolism;Humans;Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism;Membrane Microdomains/chemistry/physiology/ultrastructure;Membrane Proteins/chemistry/metabolism;Models;Biological;Signal Transduction;Sphingolipids/chemistry/metabolism},
 urldate = {08.06.2015},
 pages = {46--50},
 volume = {327},
 number = {5961},
 issn = {1095-9203},
 journal = {Science (New York, N.Y.)},
 doi = {10.1126/science.1174621}
}


@book{Lipowsky.1995,
 year = {1995},
 title = {Handbook of Biological Physics},
 address = {Amterdam},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 editor = {Lipowsky, R. and Sackmann, E.}
}


@incollection{LuisM.S.Loura.2007,
 author = {{Luis~M.~S.~Loura} and {Manuel~Prieto}},
 title = {Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Characterize Cholesterol-Induced  Domains: 33},
 pages = {489--501},
 publisher = {Hu},
 booktitle = {Methods in Membrane Lipids},
 year = {2007}
}

@Article{Marquardt.2015,
AUTHOR = {Marquardt, Drew and Geier, Barbara and Pabst, Georg},
TITLE = {Asymmetric Lipid Membranes: Towards More Realistic Model Systems},
JOURNAL = {Membranes},
VOLUME = {5},
YEAR = {2015},
NUMBER = {2},
PAGES = {180},
DOI = {10.3390/membranes5020180}
}



@incollection{Marquardt.2014,
 title = {Locations of small molecules in model membranes},
 pages = {199--216},
 publisher = {CRC Press},
 editor = {Pabst, Georg and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nieh, Mu-Ping and Katsaras, John},
 booktitle = {Liposomes, Lipid Bilayers and Model Membranes},
 year = {2014},
 address = {Boca Raton, FL}
}


@article{Marquardt.2013,
 author = {Marquardt, Drew and Williams, Justin A. and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Atkinson, Jeffrey and Wassall, Stephen R. and Katsaras, John and Harroun, Thad A.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Tocopherol Activity Correlates with Its Location in a Membrane: A  New Perspective on the Antioxidant Vitamin E},
 pages = {7523--7533},
 volume = {135},
 number = {20},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja312665r}
}


@article{Marrink.2008,
 author = {Marrink, Siewert J. and {de~Vries,~Alex~H.} and Harroun, Thad. A. and Katsaras, John and Wassall, Stephen R.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Cholesterol Shows Preference for the Interior of Polyunsaturated  Lipid Membranes},
 pages = {10--11},
 volume = {130},
 number = {1},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja076641c}
}


@article{Marsan.1999,
 abstract = {Proton decoupled deuterium NMR spectra of oriented bilayers made
of DMPC and 30 mot {\%} deuterated cholesterol acquired at 76.8 MHz
(30 degrees C) have provided a set of very accurate quadrupolar splitting
for eight C-D bonds of cholesterol. Due to the new precision of the
experimental data, the original analysis by Dufourc et al. (1984.
Biochemistry. 23:6062-6071) had to be reconsidered. We performed
a systematic study of the influence on the precision and uniqueness
of the data-fitting procedure of: (i) the coordinates derived from
x-ray, neutron scattering, or force field-minimized structures, (ii)
internal mobility, (iii) the axial symmetry hypothesis, and (iv)
the knowledge of some quadrupolar splitting assignments. Good agreement
between experiment and theory could be obtained only with the neutron
scattering structure, for which both axial symmetry hypothesis and
full order parameter matrix analysis gave satisfactory results. Finally,
this work revealed an average orientation of cholesterol slightly
different from those previously published and, most importantly,
a molecular order parameter equal to 0.95 +/- 0.01, instead of 0.79
+/- 0.03 previously found for the same system at 30 degrees C. Temperature
dependence in the 20-50 degrees C range shows a constant average
orientation and a monotonous decrease of cholesterol S-mol, with
a slope of -0.0016 K-1. A molecular order parameter of 0.89 +/- 0.01
at 30 degrees C was determined for a DMPC/16 mol {\%} of cholesterol.},
 author = {Marsan, M. P. and Muller, I. and Ramos, C. and Rodriguez, F. and Dufourc, E. J. and Czaplicki, J. and Milon, A.},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Cholesterol orientation and dynamics in dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine  bilayers: A solid state deuterium NMR analysis},
 pages = {351--359},
 volume = {76},
 number = {1, Part 1},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Marsh.2007,
 abstract = {Lipid-protein interactions are an important determinant of the stability and function of integral and transmembrane proteins. In addition to local interactions at the lipid-protein interface, global interactions such as the distribution of internal lateral pressure may also influence protein conformation. It is shown here that the effects of the membrane lateral pressure profile on the conformation or insertion of proteins in membranes (Cantor, R. S., J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 1723-1725, 1997) are equivalent to the elastic response to the frustrated spontaneous curvature, co, of the component lipid monolayer leaflets. The chemical potential of the protein in the membrane is predicted to depend linearly on the spontaneous curvature of the lipid leaflets, just as does the contribution of the protein to the elastic bending energy of the lipid, and to be independent of the hydrophobic tension, gammaphob, at the lipid-water interface. Analysis of the dependence of protein partitioning or conformational transitions on spontaneous curvature of the constituent lipids gives an experimental estimate for the cross-sectional intramembrane shape of the protein or its diff 50-110 A(2) are estimated for the effective cross-sectional shape changes on the insertion and conductance transitions of alamethicin, and on the activation of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase or rhodopsin in lipid membranes. Much larger values are estimated for the mechanosensitive channel, MscL. Values for the change in intramembrane shape may also be used, together with determinations of lipid relative association constants, to estimate contributions of direct lipid-protein interactions to the lateral pressure experienced by the protein. Changes in chemical potential ~ 12 kJ.mol(-1) can be estimated for radial changes of 1 A in a protein of diameter 40 A},
 author = {Marsh, D.},
 year = {2007},
 title = {Lateral pressure profile, spontaneous curvature frustration, and the incorporation and conformation of proteins in membranes},
 keywords = {Alamethicin;analysis;association;CHANNEL;COMPONENT;CONFORMATION;conformational transition;CONSTANT;CURVATURE;DEPENDENCE;distribution;ENERGY;function;incorporation;INSERTION;interaction;INTERFACE;lipid;lipid membrane;lipid membranes;LIPID-MEMBRANES;lipid-protein interaction;Lipid-protein interactions;Lipids;membrane;Membranes;Monolayer;Pressure;PROTEIN;Protein Conformation;PROTEINS;Pt;SHAPE;stability;TENSION;TRANSITION;TRANSITIONS;transmembrane},
 pages = {3884--3899},
 volume = {93},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Marsh.2008,
 abstract = {Lipid chain length modulates the activity of transmembrane proteins by mismatch between the hydrophobic span of the protein and that of the lipid membrane. Relative binding affinities of lipids with different chain lengths are used to estimate the excess free energy of lipid-protein interaction that arises from hydrophobic mismatch. For a wide range of integral proteins and peptides, the energy cost is much less than the elastic penalty of fully stretching or compressing the lipid chains to achieve complete hydrophobic matching. The chain length dependences of the free energies of lipid association are described by a model that combines elastic chain extension with a free energy term that depends linearly on the extent of residual mismatch. The excess free energy densities involved lie in the region of 0.5-2.0 k(B)T x nm(-2). Values of this size could arise from exposure of hydrophobic groups to polar portions of the lipid or protein, but not directly to water, or alternatively from changes in tilt of the transmembrane helices that are energetically comparable to those activating mechanosensitive channels. The influence of hydrophobic mismatch on dimerization of transmembrane helices and their transfer between lipid vesicles, and on shifts in chain-melting transitions of lipid bilayers by incorporated proteins, is analyzed by using the same thermodynamic model. Segmental order parameters confirm that elastic lipid chain distortions are insufficient to compensate fully for the mismatch, but the dependence on chain length with tryptophan-anchored peptides requires that the free energy density of hydrophobic mismatch should increase with increasing extent of mismatch},
 author = {Marsh, D.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Energetics of hydrophobic matching in lipid-protein interactions},
 keywords = {AFFINITY;association;BILAYER;BILAYERS;BINDING;Binding Sites;chain;CHAIN-LENGTH;CHAIN-MELTING TRANSITION;chains;CHANNEL;CHANNELS;chemistry;Computer Simulation;DEPENDENCE;Dimerization;ENERGETICS;ENERGY;FREE-ENERGY;HELICES;Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions;hydrophobic mismatch;integral proteins;interaction;Kinetics;LENGTH;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;lipid membrane;LIPID-BILAYER;LIPID-BILAYERS;lipid-protein interaction;Lipid-protein interactions;Lipids;membrane;Membrane Proteins;MODEL;Models;Chemical;Molecular;Molecular Conformation;ORDER;ORDER PARAMETERS;PARAMETERS;PEPTIDE;Peptides;PROTEIN;Protein Binding;PROTEINS;Pt;RANGE;REGION;SIZE;TRANSITION;TRANSITIONS;transmembrane;VESICLE;VESICLES;Water},
 pages = {3996--4013},
 volume = {94},
 number = {10},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Marsh.2009,
 abstract = {The biophysical underpinning of the lipid-raft concept in cellular membranes is the liquid-ordered phase that is induced by moderately high concentrations of cholesterol. Although the crucial feature is the coexistence of phase-separated fluid domains, direct evidence for this in mixtures of cholesterol with a single lipid is extremely sparse. More extensive evidence comes from ternary mixtures of a high chain-melting lipid and a low chain-melting lipid with cholesterol, including those containing sphingomyelin that are taken to be a raft paradigm. There is, however, not complete agreement between the various phase diagrams and their interpretation. In this review, the different ternary phase diagrams of cholesterol-containing systems are presented in a uniform way, using simple x,y-coordinates to increase accessibility for the non-specialist. It is then possible to appreciate the common features and examine critically the discrepancies and hence what direct biophysical evidence there is that supports the raft concept},
 author = {Marsh, D.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Cholesterol-induced fluid membrane domains: a compendium of lipid-raft ternary phase diagrams},
 keywords = {Animals;BILAYER;BILAYERS;Cell Membrane;Cholesterol;DIAGRAM;DIAGRAMS;DOMAIN;DOMAINS;drug effects;FLUID;Humans;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;LIPID-BILAYER;LIPID-BILAYERS;LIQUID-ORDERED PHASE;membrane;membrane domains;Membrane Fluidity;Membrane Microdomains;Membranes;metabolism;MIXTURES;pharmacology;PHASE;phase diagram;phase diagrams;PHASE-DIAGRAM;Pt;SUPPORTS;SYSTEM;SYSTEMS;TERNARY MIXTURES},
 pages = {2114--2123},
 volume = {1788},
 number = {10},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim Biophys Acta}
}

@article{Marsh.2010,
title = "Liquid-ordered phases induced by cholesterol: A compendium of binary phase diagrams ",
journal = "Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.",
volume = "1798",
number = "3",
pages = "688 - 699",
year = "2010",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.12.027",
}



@article{McIntosh.1993,
 abstract = {The total repulsive interaction between electrically neutral, fluid bilayer membranes is thought to have a number of components, including a hydration pressure, due to the reorientation of water by the bilayer, and steric (entropic) pressures due to bilayer undulations, head group motion, and molecular protrusions. For fully hydrated, crystalline bilayers these three steric pressures should be relatively small, and the major repulsive pressure present should be the hydration pressure. Therefore, to isolate the contribution of hydration pressure to the total interbilayer interaction, we have measured pressure-distance data by X-ray diffraction analysis of osmotically stressed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) multilayers in the subgel phase, where wide-angle and low-angle X-ray data show the bilayers are crystalline. As applied pressure was increased from 0 to 1 x 10(6) dyn/cm2, the interbilayer fluid space (df) decreased less than 1 A from its value at full hydration of 8.4 A. As the pressure was increased from 1 x 10(6) to 3 x 10(7) dyn/cm2, df decreased from about 8 to 4 A. For this range of df, the repulsive pressure decayed exponentially with df with a decay length of 1.4 A. Further increases in applied pressure did not appreciably decrease df, so that there was a sharp upward break in the pressure-distance curve at an interbilayer spacing of about 3 A. In contrast, pressure-distance relations for gel (L beta') phase and liquid-crystalline (L alpha) phase bilayers had much softer upward breaks at df < 5 A and extended to larger df at zero applied pressure. However, the pressure-distance curves for all three phases decayed exponentially with approximately the same decay length for 4 < df < 8 A. We interpret these data to mean the following: (1) the repulsion observed for df < 5 A is primarily a steric pressure whose range depends on head group motion; (2) the steric undulation pressure plays an important role in determining the hydration properties and the range of the total repulsive pressure for fluid membranes; (3) the same underlying mechanisms govern the repulsive pressure for all phases for 4 < df < 8 A; (4) these mechanisms include a pressure due to reorientation of water molecules; and (5) the hydration pressure component extents a maximum of about two water molecules from the bilayer surface for the subgel phase},
 author = {McIntosh, T. J. and Simon, S. A.},
 year = {1993},
 title = {Contributions of hydration and steric (entropic) pressures to the interactions between phosphatidylcholine bilayers: experiments with the subgel phase},
 keywords = {FLUID MEMBRANES;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;Osmotic Pressure;Pressure;SUBGEL PHASE;undulation;X-Ray Diffraction},
 pages = {8374--8384},
 volume = {32},
 number = {32},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry}
}


@article{MdRejwanAli.2007,
 author = {{Md Rejwan~Ali} and {Kwan Hon~Cheng} and {Juyang~Huang}},
 year = {2007},
 title = {Assess the nature of cholesterol?lipid interactions through the chemical  potential of cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine bilayers},
 pages = {5372?5377},
 volume = {104},
 journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.}
}


@article{Mecke.2003,
 abstract = {We consider the position fluctuations of a membrane close to a substrate in an external potential and at finite temperature. We derive self-consistent equations for the average membrane position and its root mean square fluctuation amplitude in the range of moderate fluctuations much below the unbinding transition. These self-consistent equations can be solved for arbitrary potentials. We first check them for special known cases, then we apply our approach to lipid bilayers where van der Waals attractions are balanced by hydration repulsion associated to a hard wall. Finally, we compare these results with recent experiments on lipid bilayer},
 author = {Mecke, K. R. and Charitat, T. and Graner, F.},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Fluctuating Lipid Bilayer in an Arbitrary Potential: Theory and Experimental Determination of Bending},
 keywords = {FLUCTUATIONS;HYDRATION;unbinding transition},
 pages = {2080--2087},
 volume = {19},
 issn = {0743-7463},
 journal = {Langmuir}
}


@article{Mills.2008,
 abstract = {We used wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) from stacks of oriented lipid bilayers to measure chain orientational order parameters and lipid areas in model membranes consisting of mixtures of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)/cholesterol and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC)/cholesterol in fluid phases. The addition of 40{\%} cholesterol to either DOPC or DPPC changes the WAXS pattern due to an increase in acyl chain orientational order, which is one of the main properties distinguishing the cholesterol-rich liquid-ordered (Lo) phase from the liquid-disordered (Ld) phase. In contrast, powder x-ray data from multilamellar vesicles does not yield information about orientational order, and the scattering from the Lo and Ld phases looks similar. An analytical model to describe the relationship between the chain orientational distribution and WAXS data was used to obtain an average orientational order parameter, S(x-ray). When 40{\%} cholesterol is added to either DOPC or DPPC, S(x-ray) more than doubles, consistent with previous NMR order parameter measurements. By combining information about the average chain orientation with the chain-chain correlation spacing, we extended a commonly used method for calculating areas for gel-phase lipids to fluid-phase lipids and obtained agreement to within 5{\%} of literature values},
 author = {Mills, T. T. and Toombes, G. E. and Tristram-Nagle, S. and Smilgies, D. M. and Feigenson, G. W. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Order parameters and areas in fluid-phase oriented lipid membranes using wide angle X-ray scattering},
 keywords = {Cholesterol;ORDER PARAMETERS;X-ray scattering;Wide-Angle Scattering;ORIENTED PHOSPHOLIPID-MEMBRANES},
 pages = {669--681},
 volume = {95},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Mills.2008b,
 abstract = {Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) from oriented lipid multilayers is used to examine liquid-ordered (Lo)/liquid-disordered (Ld) phase coexistence in the system 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phos phocholine/cholesterol (DOPC/DPPC/Chol), which is a model for the outer leaflet of the animal cell plasma membrane. Using the method of analysis developed in the accompanying work, we find that two orientational distributions are necessary to fit the WAXS data at lower temperatures, whereas only one distribution is needed at temperatures higher than the miscibility transition temperature, T(mix) = 25-35 degrees C (for 1:1 DOPC/DPPC with 15{\%}, 20{\%}, 25{\%}, and 30{\%} Chol). We propose that the necessity for two distributions is a criterion for coexistence of Lo domains with a high S(x-ray) order parameter and Ld domains with a lower order parameter. This criterion is capable of detecting coexistence of small domains or rafts that the conventional x-ray criterion of two lamellar D spacings may not. Our T(mix) values tend to be slightly larger than published NMR results and microscopy results when the fluorescence probe artifact is considered. This is consistent with the sensitivity of WAXS to very short time and length scales, which makes it more capable of detecting small, short-lived domains that are likely close to T(mix)},
 author = {Mills, T. T. and Tristram-Nagle, S. and Heberle, F. A. and Morales, N. F. and Zhao, J. and Wu, J. and Toombes, G. E. and Nagle, J. F. and Feigenson, G. W.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Liquid-liquid domains in bilayers detected by wide angle X-ray scattering},
 keywords = {Membrane Microdomains;X-Ray Diffraction},
 pages = {682--690},
 volume = {95},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{MohamadNavab.2003,
 author = {{Mohamad~Navab} and {Susan~Hama} and {Greg~Hough} and {Alan M.~Fogelman}},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Oral Synthetic Phospholipid (DMPC) Raises High-Density Lipoprotein  Cholesterol Levels, Improves High-Density  Lipoprotein Function, and Markedly Reduces Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein  E?Null Mice},
 pages = {1735--1739},
 volume = {108},
 journal = {Journal of the American Heart Association},
 doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.0000089375.60050.35}
}


@article{Naumann.2002,
 author = {Naumann, C. A. and Prucker, O. and Lehmann, T. and R{\"u}he, J. and Knoll, W. and Frank, C. W.},
 year = {2002},
 title = {The Polymer-Supported Phospholipid Bilayer: Tethering as a New Approach to Substrate$-$Membrane Stabilization},
 keywords = {polymer cushion;tethered lipid bilayer},
 urldate = {26.06.2015},
 pages = {27--35},
 volume = {3},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Biomacromolecules},
 doi = {10.1021/bm0100211}
}


@article{PauloF.F.Almeida.2009,
 abstract = {The mutual interactions between lipids in bilayers are reviewed, including
mixtures of phospholipids, and mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol
(Chol). Binary mixtures and ternary mixtures are considered, with
special emphasis on membranes containing Chol, an ordered phospholipid,
and a disordered phospholipid. Typically the ordered phospholipid
is a sphingomyelin (SM) or a long-chain saturated phosphatidylcholine
(PC), both of which have high phase transitions temperatures; the
disordered phospholipid is 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine
(POPC) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). The unlike nearest-neighbor
interaction free energies ({\"I}‰AB) between lipids (including Chol),
obtained by an variety of unrelated methods, are typically in the
range of 0{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}400 cal/mol in absolute value. Most are positive, meaning
that the interaction is unfavorable, but some are negative, meaning
it is favorable. It is of special interest that favorable interactions
occur mainly between ordered phospholipids and Chol. The interpretation
of domain formation in complex mixtures of Chol and phospholipids
in terms of phase separation or condensed complexes is discussed
in the light of the values of lipid mutual interactions.},
 author = {{Paulo~F.F.~Almeida}},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Thermodynamics of lipid interactions in complex bilayers},
 keywords = {RAFTS},
 pages = {72--85},
 volume = {1788},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.08.007}
}


@article{Pencer.2006,
 author = {Pencer, Jeremy and Krueger, Susan and Adams, Carl P. and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Method of separated form factors for polydisperse vesicles},
 pages = {293--303},
 volume = {39},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0021-8898},
 journal = {J. Appl. Crystallogr.},
 doi = {10.1107/S0021889806005255}
}


@article{Petrache.1998,
 abstract = {The fundamental issue of interactions between lipid bilayers is addressed experimentally and theoretically. We report high- resolution x-ray scattering data for bilayers composed of three different kinds of phosphatidylcholine lipids. These data yield the interbilayer water spacing fluctuation a, as well as the traditional osmotic pressure P, both as functions of the lamellar repeat spacing D and the aqueous separation a. We show theoretically how to obtain the functional form of the fluctuational free energy from the sigma data, which is then determined to within a factor that depends upon the bending modulus, K-c. The resulting functional form determined from experimental data has an exponential decay rather than the power law decay that applies for hard confinement in the large a regime, thereby showing that a theory of soft confinement is necessary. However, the existing theory of soft confinement predicts an exponential decay, but with a smaller decay length lambda(fl) than we obtain. We then use these results to analyze the osmotic pressure data in terms of the bending modulus K-c and the interbilayer interactions consisting of van der Waals and hydration interactions. For all three chemically different lipids we find that the decay length lambda of the hydration pressure is 1.9 -2.0 Angstrom; the Hamaker parameter for the van der Waals interaction is about 5 x 10(-14) erg if the bending moduli K-c are chosen to be different for the three lipids and in the range (0.5-0.8) x 10(-12) erg},
 author = {Petrache, H. I. and Gouliaev, N. and Tristram-Nagle, S. and Zhang, R. T. and Suter, R. M. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Interbilayer interactions from high-resolution x-ray scattering},
 url = {ISI:000074252400102},
 keywords = {interaction;INTERACTING MEMBRANES;FLUCTUATIONS},
 pages = {7014--7024},
 volume = {57},
 number = {6},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E}
}


@article{Swamy.2010,
 abstract = {N-Acylethanolamines (NAEs) and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines (NAPES)
are naturally occurring membrane lipids, whose content increases
dramatically in a variety of organisms when subjected to stress,
suggesting that they may play a role in the stress-combating mechanisms
of organisms. In the light of this, it is of great interest to characterize
the structure, physical properties, phase transitions and membrane
interactions of these two classes of lipids. This review will present
the current status of our understanding of the structure and phase
behaviour of NAEs and NAPEs and their interaction with major membrane
lipids, namely phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and
cholesterol. The relevance of such interactions to the putative stress-combating
and membrane stabilizing properties of these lipids will also be
discussed. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
 author = {Swamy, Musti J. and Tarafdar, Pradip K. and Kamlekar, Ravi Kanth},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Structure, phase behaviour and membrane interactions of N-acylethanolamines  and N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines},
 keywords = {X-Ray Diffraction;Differential scanning calorimetry;(31)P NMR;Spin label ESR;Langmuir film balance;Brewster-angle microscopy;FAB-MS;Monolayer;LIPID BILAYER;Non-lamellar phase;Lipid miscibility;LIPID DOMAINS;Binary phase diagram},
 pages = {266--279},
 volume = {163},
 number = {3},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.01.002}
}


@incollection{T.A.Harroun.2006,
 author = {{T.A.~Harroun} and {G.D.~Wignall} and {J.~Katsaras}},
 title = {Neutron Scattering for Biology: 1-18},
 pages = {1--18},
 publisher = {Springer},
 editor = {{Jörg~Fitter} and {Thomas~Gutberlet} and {John~Katsaras}},
 booktitle = {Neutron Scattering in Biology Techniques and Applications},
 year = {2006}
}



@article{Tayebi.2012,
 abstract = {Liquid-crystalline phases of stacked lipid bilayers represent a pervasive motif in biomolecular assemblies. Here we report that, in addition to the usual smectic order, multicomponent multilayer membranes can exhibit columnar order arising from the coupling of two-dimensional intralayer phase separation and interlayer smectic ordering. This coupling propagates across hundreds of membrane lamellae, producing long-range alignment of phase-separated domains. Quantitative analysis of real-time dynamical experiments reveals that there is an interplay between intralayer domain growth and interlayer coupling, suggesting the existence of cooperative multilayer epitaxy. We postulate that such long-range epitaxy is solvent-assisted, and that it originates from the surface tension associated with differences in the network of hydrogen-bonded water molecules at the hydrated interfaces between the domains and the surrounding phase. Our findings might inspire the development of self-assembly-based strategies for the long-range alignment of functional lipid domains.},
 author = {Tayebi, Lobat and Ma, Yicong and Vashaee, Daryoosh and Chen, Gang and Sinha, Sunil K. and Parikh, Atul N.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Long-range interlayer alignment of intralayer domains in stacked lipid bilayers},
 url = {23085566},
 keywords = {Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions;Lipid Bilayers/chemistry;Membrane Microdomains/chemistry;Water/chemistry;X-Ray Diffraction},
 urldate = {23.06.2015},
 pages = {1074--1080},
 volume = {11},
 number = {12},
 journal = {Nat. Mater.},
 doi = {10.1038/NMAT3451}
}


@article{ThadA.Harroun.2006,
 author = {{Thad A.~Harroun} and {John~Katsaras} and {Stephen R.~Wassall}},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Cholesterol Hydrozyl Group Is Found To Reside in the Center of a  Polyunsaturated Lipid Membrane},
 pages = {1227--1233},
 volume = {45},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi0520840}
}


@article{TiagoMendesFerreira.2013,
 author = {{Tiago Mendes~Ferreira} and {Filipe~Coreta-Gomes} and {O. H. Samuli~Ollila} and {Maria Joäo~Moreno} and {Winchil L. C.~Vaz} and Daniel},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Cholesterol and POPC segmental order parameters in lipid membranes:  solid state 1H-13C NMR and MD simulation studies},
 pages = {1976--1989},
 volume = {15},
 journal = {Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.},
 doi = {10.1039/C2CP42738A}
}


@article{Toppozini.2012,
 abstract = {We present a combined neutron and X-ray scattering investigation
to study the effect of ethanol on the molecular structure and dynamics
of lipid membranes. 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3phoshatidylcholine
(DMPC) powder hydrated with a 5 wt{\%} ethanol solution (corresponding
to 2 mol{\%} of ethanol) was used in this study. From high-resolution
X-ray experiments the position and partitioning of the ethanol molecules
in the phospholipid bilayers was determined in their gel and fluid
phases. We find that the ethanol molecules reside in the head group
region of the bilayers, with 1.6 ethanol molecules per lipid molecule
in the gel phase and 1.2 ethanol molecules per lipid molecule in
the fluid phase. We find evidence for enhanced permeability in both
fluid and gel phases of the phospholipid bilayers in the presence
of ethanol molecules. Elastic and quasi-elastic neutron scattering
data, obtained using a neutron backscattering spectrometer, was used
to study slow, nanosecond molecular dynamics on length scales corresponding
to lipid diffusion, acyl chain dynamics and solvent dynamics. While
the presence of ethanol molecules had no observable effect on these
types of dynamics in the fluid (L-alpha) phase, the membranes appeared
to have a higher degree of order in gel (L-beta) and ripple (P-beta')
phases. In particular, lipid diffusion was found to be slower by
a factor of two in the more rigid gel phase when ethanol was present.},
 author = {Toppozini, Laura and Armstrong, Clare L. and Barrett, Matthew A. and Zheng, Songbo and Luo, Lindy and Nanda, Hirsh and Sakai, Victoria Garcia and Rheinstaedter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Partitioning of ethanol into lipid membranes and its effect on fluidity  and permeability as seen by X-ray and neutron scattering},
 pages = {11839--11849},
 volume = {8},
 number = {47},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {Soft Matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c2sm26546j}
}


@article{Trouard.1999,
 abstract = {Investigation of the deuterium (H-2) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
relaxation rates of lipid bilayers containing cholesterol can yield
new insights regarding its role in membrane function and dynamics.
Spin-lattice (R-1Z) and quadrupolar order (R-1Q) H-2 NMR relaxation
rates were measured at 46.1 and 76.8 MHz for macroscopically oriented
bilayers of 1,2-diperdeuteriomyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DMPC-d(54)) containing cholesterol (1/1 molar ratio) in the liquid-ordered
phase at 40 degrees C. The data for various segmental positions along
the DMPC-d(54) acyl chain were simultaneously fitted to a composite
membrane deformation model, including fast segmental motions which
preaverage the coupling tensor along the lipid acyl chain, slow molecular
reorientations, and small-amplitude collective fluctuations. In contrast
to pure DMPC-d(54) in the liquid-crystalline (L-alpha) phase, for
the DMPC-d(54): cholesterol (1/1) system a linear square-law functional
dependence of the relaxation rates on the order parameter (quadrupolar
splitting) does not appear evident. Moreover, for acyl segments closer
to the top of the chain, the angular anisotropy of the H-2 R-1Z and
R-1Q relaxation rates is more pronounced than toward the chain terminus.
The residual (preaveraged) coupling tensor has its greatest effective
asymmetry parameter near the polar groups, decreasing for the groups
closest to the end of the chain. The results suggest that axial rotations
of the phospholipid molecules occur at a somewhat higher rate than
in pure bilayers, as a consequence of the higher ordering and reduction
of chain entanglement. On the other hand, the rigid cholesterol molecule
appears to undergo somewhat slower axial rotation, possibly due to
its noncylindrical shape. Collective motions are found to be less
predominant in the case of DMPC-d(54): cholesterol than for pure
DMPC-d(54), which may indicate an increased dynamical rigidity of
lipid bilayers containing cholesterol versus pure lipid systems.
(C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)00510-3].},
 author = {Trouard, T. P. and Nevzorov, A. A. and Alam, T. M. and Job, C. and Zajicek, J. and Brown, M. F.},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Influence of cholesterol on dynamics of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine  bilayers as studied by deuterium NMR relaxation},
 pages = {8802--8818},
 volume = {110},
 number = {17},
 issn = {0021-9606},
 journal = {Journal Of Chemical Physics},
 doi = {10.1063/1.478787}
}


@article{Tsamaloukas.2006,
 author = {Tsamaloukas, A. and Szadkowska, H. and Heerklotz, H.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Thermodynamic comparison of the interactions of cholesterol with  unsaturated phospholipid and sphingomyelins},
 pages = {4479--4487},
 volume = {90},
 number = {12},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.105.080127}
}


@article{Veatch.2005,
 author = {Veatch, S. L. and Keller, S. L.},
 year = {2005},
 title = {Seeing spots: Complex phase behavior in simple membranes},
 pages = {172--185},
 volume = {1746},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0167-4889},
 journal = {BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.06.010}
}


@article{Vermeer.2007,
 abstract = {Order parameters from deuterium NMR are often used to validate or
calibrate molecular dynamics simulations. This paper gives a short
overview of the literature in which experimental order parameters
from H-2 NMR are compared to those calculated from MD simulations.
The different ways in which order parameters from experiment are
used to calibrate and validate simulations are reviewed. In the second
part of this review, a case study of cholesterol in a DMPC bilayer
is presented. It is concluded that the agreement between experimental
data and simulation is favorable in the hydrophobic region of the
membrane, for both the phospholipids and cholesterol. In the interfacial
region the agreement is less satisfactory, probably because of the
high polarity of this region which makes the correct computation
of the electrostatics more complex.},
 author = {Vermeer, Louic S. and {de~Groot,~Bert~L.} and Reat, Valerie and Milon, Alain and Czaplicki, Jerzy},
 year = {2007},
 title = {Acyl chain order parameter profiles in phospholipid bilayers: computation  from molecular dynamics simulations and comparison with H-2 NMR experiments},
 keywords = {deuterium;molecular dynamics simulation;MD;solid state NMR;Cholesterol;DMPC},
 pages = {919--931},
 volume = {36},
 number = {8},
 issn = {0175-7571},
 journal = {EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL WITH BIOPHYSICS LETTERS},
 doi = {10.1007/s00249-007-0192-9}
}


@article{Weiss.2003,
 abstract = {We investigated the application of inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) to lipid bilayers. This technique directly measures the dynamic structure factor S(q,omega) which is the space-time Fourier transform of the electron density correlation function of the measured system. For a multiatomic system, the analysis of S(q,omega) is usually complicated. But for multiple bilayers of lipid, S(q,omega) is dominated by chain-chain correlations within individual bilayers. Thus IXS provides a unique probe for the collective dynamics of lipid chains in a bilayer that cannot be obtained by any other method. IXS of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine and dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine + cholesterol at two different concentrations were measured. S(q,omega) was analyzed by three-mode hydrodynamic equations, including a thermal diffusive mode and two propagating acoustic modes. We obtained the dispersion curves for the phonons that represent the collective in-plane excitations of lipid chains. The effect of cholesterol on chain dynamics was detected. Our analysis shows the importance of having a high instrument resolution as well as the requirement of sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to obtain meaningful results from such an IXS experiment. The requirement on signal-to-noise also applies to molecular dynamics simulations},
 author = {Weiss, T. M. and Chen, P. J. and Sinn, H. and Alp, E. E. and Chen, S. H. and Huang, H. W.},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Collective chain dynamics in lipid bilayers by inelastic x-ray scattering},
 keywords = {Algorithms;analysis;BILAYER;BILAYERS;chemistry;Cholesterol;Crystallography;X-RAY;Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine;DYNAMICS;Elasticity;ELECTRON;Evaluation Studies;EXCITATION;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;LIPID-BILAYER;LIPID-BILAYERS;Macromolecular Systems;Membrane Fluidity;methods;MODE;Molecular Conformation;MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS;PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE;Pt;Reproducibility of Results;RESOLUTION;SCATTERING;Radiation;Sensitivity and Specificity;SIMULATION;SIMULATIONS;structure;structure factor;Support;Non-U.S.Gov't;U.S.Gov't;Non-P.H.S;P.H.S;SYSTEM;SYSTEMS;X-ray scattering;X-RAY-SCATTERING},
 pages = {3767--3776},
 volume = {84},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Wiener.1991,
 author = {Wiener, M. C. and King, G. I. and White, S. H.},
 year = {1991},
 title = {Structure of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer determined by joint refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data. I. Scaling of neutron data and the distributions of double bonds and water},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {568--576},
 volume = {60},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Wiener.1991b,
 author = {Wiener, M. C. and White, S. H.},
 year = {1991},
 title = {Fluid bilayer structure determination by combined use of x-ray and neutron diffraction. I. Fluid bilayer models and limits of resolution},
 keywords = {BILAYER;DIFFRACTION;FLUID;MODEL;neutron diffraction;NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION;RESOLUTION;structure;X-RAY},
 pages = {162--173},
 volume = {59},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Wiener.1991c,
 author = {Wiener, M. C. and White, S. H.},
 year = {1991},
 title = {Fluid bilayer structure determination by combined use of x-ray and neutron diffraction. II. {\dq}Composition-space{\dq} refinement method},
 keywords = {Membrane structure},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {174--185},
 volume = {59},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Wiener.1992,
 author = {Wiener, M. C. and White, S. H.},
 year = {1992},
 title = {Structure of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer determined by joint refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data. II. Distribution and packing of terminal methyl groups},
 keywords = {Membrane structure},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {428--433},
 volume = {61},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Wiener.1992b,
 author = {Wiener, M. C. and White, S. H.},
 year = {1992},
 title = {Structure of a fluid dioleoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer determined by joint refinement of x-ray and neutron diffraction data. III. Complete structure},
 keywords = {Membrane structure},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {434--447},
 volume = {61},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Williams.2012,
 abstract = {Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), enriched in fish
oils, are increasingly recognized to have potential benefits for
treating many human afflictions. Despite the importance of PUFA,
their molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. One emerging
hypothesis is that phospholipids containing n-3 PUFA acyl chains
modify the structure and composition of membrane rafts, thus affecting
cell signaling. In this study the two major n-3 PUFA found in fish
oils, eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, are
compared. Using solid-state H-2 NMR spectroscopy we explored the
molecular organization of 1-[H-2(31)]palmitoyl-2-eicosapentaenoylphosphatidylcholine
(PEPC-d(31)) and 1-[H-2(31)] palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine
(PDPC-d(31)) in mixtures with sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol
(chol). Our results indicate that whereas both PEPC-d(31) and PDPC-d(31)
can accumulate into SM-rich/chol-rich raftlike domains, the tendency
for DHA to incorporate into rafts is more than twice as great as
for EPA. We propose that DHA may be the more bioactive component
of fish oil that serves to disrupt lipid raft domain organization.
This mechanism represents an evolution in the view of how PUFA remodel
membrane architecture.},
 author = {Williams, Justin A. and Batten, Shawn E. and Harris, Mitchel and Rockett, Benjamin Drew and Shaikh, Saame Raza and Stillwell, William and Wassall, Stephen R.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Segregate Differently  between Raft and Nonraft Domains},
 pages = {228--237},
 volume = {103},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.016}
}


@article{Wu.2012,
 abstract = {Thermotropic phase behaviors of paeonol-encapsulated liposomes containing
stigmasterol or cholesterol have been investigated by differential
scanning calorimetry. We compared the thermotropic phase behavior
of pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes, sterol/DPPC
liposomes, and paeonol/sterol/DPPC liposomes increasing the ratio
of paeonol to sterol from 0 to 1, by analyzing the calorimetric parameters
of main phase transition of liposomes including phase transition
temperature (onset temperature and peak temperature) and phase transition
cooperativity. The results showed that paeonol could incorporate
into the hydrophobic region of DPPC, thus, decrease phase transition
temperature of DPPC. Though stigmasterol interacts with DPPC less
favorably than cholesterol, thermotropic phase behavior of paeonol/cholesterol/DPPC
liposomes and that of paeonol/stigmasterol/DPPC liposomes are very
similar. A phase separation occurred when the molar ratio of paeonol
to sterol reached 1:1 in paeonol-encapsulated liposomes, where a
paeonol-rich domain coexisted with a sterol-rich domain. The packing
order of acyl chains of DPPC in sterol-rich domain is a little higher
than that in paeonol-rich domain.},
 author = {Wu, Rui-Guang and Wang, Yu-Rong and Wu, Fu-Gen and Zhou, Hong-Wei and Zhang, Xiao-Hua and Hou, Jun-Ling},
 year = {2012},
 title = {A DSC study of paeonol-encapsulated liposomes, comparison the effect  of cholesterol and stigmasterol on the thermotropic phase behavior  of liposomes},
 keywords = {Paeonol-encapsulated liposomes;Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);Cholesterol;Stigmasterol;Phase separation},
 pages = {311--316},
 volume = {109},
 number = {1},
 issn = {1388-6150},
 journal = {J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.},
 doi = {10.1007/s10973-012-2331-5}
}


@article{Wustner.2011,
 abstract = {Cholesterol with BODIPY at carbon-24 of the side chain (BCh2) has
recently been introduced as new cholesterol probe with superior fluorescence
properties. We compare BCh2 with the intrinsically fluorescent dehythoergosterol
(DHE), a well-established marker for cholesterol, by introducing
simultaneous imaging of both sterols in model membranes and living
cells. BCh2 had a lower affinity than DHE for the biologically relevant
liquid-ordered phase in model membranes. Still, DHE and BCh2 trafficked
from the plasma membrane to the endocytic recycling compartment (ERC)
of BHK cells with identical kinetics. This transport pathway was
strongly reduced after energy depletion of cells or expression of
the dominant-negative clathrin heavy chain. The partitioning into
lipid droplets of BHK and HeLa cells was higher for BCh2 than for
DHE. Within droplets, the photodegradation of BCh2 was enhanced and
followed a stretched exponential decay, while the fluorescence lifetime
of BCh2 was comparable in various cellular regions. Our results indicate
that BCh2 is suitable for analyzing sterol uptake pathways and inter-organelle
sterol flux in living cells. The BODIPY-moiety affects lipid phase
preference of the sterol probe and causes some differential targeting
of BCh2 and DHE in cells with high fat content. (c) 2011 Elsevier
Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.},
 author = {Wustner, Daniel and Solanko, Lukasz and Sokol, Elena and Garvik, Olav and Li, Zaiguo and Bittman, Robert and Korte, Thomas and Herrmann, Andreas},
 year = {2011},
 title = {Quantitative assessment of sterol traffic in living cells by dual  labeling with dehydroergosterol and BODIPY-cholesterol},
 keywords = {Cholesterol;Fluorescent probe;LIQUID-ORDERED PHASE;Partitioning;Photobleaching;Time-resolved fluorescence microscopy;Stretched exponential function},
 pages = {221--235},
 volume = {164},
 number = {3},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.01.004}
}


@article{Subczynski.2009,
 abstract = {The influence of a variety of microenvironmental factors oil the
inherent reactivity of membrane-located reagents is poorly understood.
A goal of this review is to provide detailed profiles of membrane
properties, including hydrophobicity, oxygen and nitric oxide solubility
and diffusion rates, bilayer penetration of metal ions and metal-ion
complexes, and membrane order and fluidity, that can be obtained
with EPR spin-labeling methods. These properties can drastically
vary with membrane composition, membrane depth, and membrane domain
formation, influencing the fate of chemical reactions that occur
in a lipid bilayer environment. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights
reserved.},
 author = {Subczynski, Witold K. and Widomska, Justyna and Feix, Jimmy B.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Physical properties of lipid bilayers from EPR spin labeling and  their influence on chemical reactions in a membrane environment},
 keywords = {LIPID BILAYER;Spin labeling;EPR;Hydrophobicity;Polarity;Fluidity;Oxygen;Nitric oxide;Free radicals},
 pages = {707--718},
 volume = {46},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0891-5849},
 journal = {Free Radicals Biol. Med.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.11.024}
}


@article{StephenR.Wassall.2004,
 author = {{Stephen~R.~Wassall} and {Michael~R.~Brzustowicz} and {Saame~Raza~Shaikh} and {Vadim~Cherezov} and {Martin~Caffrey} and {William~Stillwell}},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Order from disorder, corralling cholesterol with chaotic lipids:  The role of polyunsaturated lipids in membrane raft formation},
 keywords = {Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)},
 pages = {79--88},
 volume = {132},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2004.09.007}
}


@article{SouravHaldar.2012,
 abstract = {Dipole potential is the potential difference within the membrane bilayer,
which originates due to the nonrandom arrangement of lipid dipoles
and water molecules at the membrane interface. Cholesterol, a representative
sterol in higher eukaryotic membranes, is known to increase membrane
dipole potential. In this work, we explored the effects of immediate
(7-DHC and desmosterol) and evolutionary (ergosterol) precursors
of cholesterol on membrane dipole potential, monitored by the dual
wavelength ratiometric approach utilizing the probe di-8-ANEPPS.
Our results show that the effect of these precursors on membrane
dipole potential is very different from that observed with cholesterol,
although the structural differences among them are subtle. These
results assume relevance, since accumulation of cholesterol precursors
due to defective cholesterol biosynthesis has been reported to result
in several inherited metabolic disorders such as the Smith-Lemli-Opitz
syndrome. Interestingly, cholesterol (and its precursors) has a negligible
effect on dipole potential in polyunsaturated membranes. We interpret
these results in terms of noncanonical orientation of cholesterol
in these membranes. Our results constitute the first report on the
effect of biosynthetic and evolutionary precursors of cholesterol
on dipole potential, and imply that a subtle change in sterol structure
can significantly alter the dipolar field at the membrane interface.},
 author = {{Sourav~Haldar} and {Ravi~Kumar~Kanaparthi} and {Anunay~Samanta} and {Amitabha~Chattopadhyay}},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Differential Effect of Cholesterol and Its Biosynthetic Precursors  on Membrane Dipole Potential},
 pages = {1561--1569},
 volume = {102},
 number = {7},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2012.03.004}
}


@article{Sornette.1986,
 author = {Sornette, Didier and Ostrowsky, Nicole},
 year = {1986},
 title = {Importance of membrane fluidity on bilayer interactions},
 pages = {4062},
 volume = {84},
 number = {7},
 issn = {00219606},
 journal = {J. Chem. Phys.},
 doi = {10.1063/1.450067}
}


@article{Petrie.2000,
 abstract = {Membrane microdomains (lipid rafts) are enriched in selected signaling
molecules and may compartmentalize receptor-mediated signals. Here,
we report that in primary human B lymphocytes and in Ramos B cells
B cell receptor (BCR) stimulation induces rapid and transient redistribution
of a subset of engaged BCRs to lipid rafts and phosphorylation of
raft-associated tyrosine kinase substrates, Cholesterol sequestration
disrupted the lipid rafts, preventing BCR redistribution, but did
not inhibit tyrosine kinase activation or phosphorylation of mitogen-activated
protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase. However, raft disruption
enhanced the release of calcium from intracellular stores, suggesting
that rafts may sequester early signaling events that downregulate
calcium flux. Consistent with this, BCR stimulation induced rapid
and transient translocation of the Src homology 2 domain containing
inositol phosphatase, SHIP, into lipid rafts.},
 author = {Petrie, R. J. and Schnetkamp, P. P.M. and Patel, K. D. and Awasthi-Kalia, M. and Deans, J. P.},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Transient translocation of the B cell receptor and Src homology  2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase to lipid rafts: Evidence  toward a role in calcium regulation},
 pages = {1220--1227},
 volume = {165},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0022-1767},
 journal = {J. Immunol. }
}


@article{Podgornik.1992,
 abstract = {By definition, membrane or macromolecular assembly is an event of molecular confinement against the configurational entropy of a disordered state. Bilayer membranes under progressive confinement experience a continual damping of undulatory fluctuations, first interpreted as a steric force (Helfrich. Z. Naturforsch. 1978). This paper uses a new, diffusion-equation formalism based on the Feynman-type variational principle to describe how direct interbilayer forces-of hydration, electrostatic double layers, and van der Waals attraction- confine membrane fluctuations. We recover theoretical results to examine measured forces in multilamellar arrays showing that {\dq}soft{\dq} collisions, through long-range forces, create a mutual enhancement of both the direct forces and the undulatory steric interactions. Thus, there is yet another way to resolve the old, but false, dilemma to choose between steric and direct forces driving membrane assembly. One may develop a systematic connection between bilayer charge, hydration, and flexibility and the action of configurational entropic forces. The results make clear that one should measure forces between membranes or macromolecules in a way that allows them to express their native mechanical freedom},
 author = {Podgornik, R. and Parsegian, V. A.},
 year = {1992},
 title = {Thermal Mechanical Fluctuations of Fluid Membranes in Confined Geometries - the Case of Soft Confinement},
 url = {ISI:A1992HG56600041},
 keywords = {CONFINEMENT;Entropy;FLUCTUATIONS;FORCES;HYDRATION;STERIC INTERACTIONS},
 pages = {557--562},
 volume = {8},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0743-7463},
 journal = {Langmuir}
}


@article{Polozova.2000,
 author = {Polozova, Alla and Litman, Burton J.},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Cholesterol Dependent Recruitment of di22:6-PC by a G Protein-Coupled  Receptor into Lateral Domains},
 pages = {2632--2643},
 volume = {79},
 number = {5},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76502-7}
}


@article{R.Dickinson.1994,
 abstract = {Isoflurane is an inhalational general anesthetic widely used in surgical
operations as a racemic mixture of its two optical isomers. The recent
availability of pure enantiomers of isoflurane has encouraged their
use in experimental studies, and stereoselective effects have now
been observed on anesthetic-sensitive neuronal ion channels. Although
it has been assumed that such chiral effects demonstrate direct interactions
with proteins, it is possible that they could be due to stereoselective
interactions with chiral membrane lipids. We have determined the
partition coefficients of the two optical isomers of isoflurane between
lipid bilayers and water, using racemic isoflurane and gas chromatography
with a chiral column. For lipid bilayers of phosphatidylcholine (PC)
and 4 mol{\%} phosphatidic acid (PA), both with and without cholesterol
(CHOL), we found equal partitioning of the isoflurane optical isomers.
The ratios of the S(+) to R(-) isoflurane partition coefficients
were (mean +/- SEM): 1.018 +/- 0.010 for bilayers of PC/CHOL/PA (mole
ratios 56:40:4) and 1.011 +/- 0.002 for bilayers of PC/PA (mole ratio
96:4). Molar partition coefficients for racemic isoflurane were 49
+/- 4 and 165 +/- 10, respectively. These findings support the view
that the stereoselective effects on ion channels observed with isoflurane
are due to direct actions on proteins rather than lipids.},
 author = {{R.~Dickinson} and {N.P.~Franks} and {W.R.~Lieb}},
 year = {1994},
 title = {Can the stereoselective effects of the anesthetic isoflurane be accounted  for by lipid solubility?},
 pages = {2019--2023},
 volume = {66},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(94)80994-4}
}


@article{Raghunathan.1995,
 author = {Raghunathan, Va and Katsaras, J.},
 year = {1995},
 title = {Structure Of The L(C') Phase In A Hydrated Lipid Multilamellar System},
 pages = {4456--4459},
 volume = {74},
 number = {22},
 issn = {0031-9007},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4456}
}


@article{Ramstedt.2006,
 abstract = {This review is focused on the formation of lateral domains in model bilayer membranes, with an emphasis on sphingolipids and their interaction with cholesterol. Sphingolipids in general show a preference for partitioning into ordered domains. One of the roles of cholesterol is apparently to modulate the fluidity of the sphingolipid domains and also to help segregate the domains for functional purposes. Cholesterol shows a preference for sphingomyelin over phosphatidylcholine with corresponding acyl chains. The interaction of cholesterol with different sphingolipids is largely dependent on the molecular properties of the particular sphingolipid in question. Small head group size clearly has a destabilizing effect on sphingolipid/cholesterol interaction, as exemplified by studies with ceramide and ceramide phosphoethanolamine. Ceramides actually displace sterol from ordered domains formed with saturated phosphatidylcholine or sphingomyelin. The N-linked acyl chain is known to be an important stabilizer of the sphingolipid/cholesterol interaction. However, N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamines failed to interact favorably with cholesterol and to form cholesterol-enriched lateral domains in bilayer membranes. Glycosphingolipids also form ordered domains in membranes but do not show a strong preference for interacting with cholesterol. It is clear from the studies reviewed here that small changes in the structure of sphingolipids alter their partitioning between lateral domains substantially},
 author = {Ramstedt, B. and Slotte, J. P.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Sphingolipids and the formation of sterol-enriched ordered membrane domains},
 keywords = {Ceramides;Cholesterol;DOMAIN;SPHINGOLIPIDS;Sterols},
 pages = {1945--1956},
 volume = {1758},
 number = {12},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@incollection{Rheinstadter.2006,
 abstract = {Annotation},
 author = {Rheinst{\"a}dter, M. C.},
 title = {Lipid Membrane Dynamics},
 keywords = {Neutrons;neutron diffraction;SCIENCE;Physique},
 pages = {263--286},
 publisher = {Springer},
 isbn = {9783540291084},
 series = {Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering},
 editor = {Fitter, J. and Gutberlet, T. and Katsaras, J.},
 booktitle = {Neutron scattering in biology},
 year = {2006},
 address = {Berlin and New York}
}


@article{RobinS.Petruzielo.2013,
 author = {{Robin~S.~Petruzielo} and {Frederick~A.~Heberle} and {Paul~Drazba} and {John~Katsaras} and {Gerald~W.~Feigenson}},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Phase behavior and domain size in sphingomyelin-containing lipid  bilayers},
 keywords = {Sphingomyelin},
 pages = {1302--1313},
 volume = {1828},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.01.007}
}


@article{RodrigoF.M.deAlmeida.2003,
 author = {{Rodrigo~F.M.~de~Almeida} and {Aleksandre~Fedorov} and {Manuel~Prieto}},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Sphingomyelin/Phosphatidylcholine/Cholesterol Phase Diagram: Boundaries  and Composition of Lipid Rafts},
 pages = {2406--2416},
 volume = {85},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74664-5}
}


@book{LeonardFinegold.1993,
 year = {1993},
 title = {Cholesterol in Membrane Models},
 publisher = {CRC},
 editor = {{Leonard~Finegold}}
}


@article{RomeuA.Videira.1999,
 abstract = {Perturbations induced by ethylazinphos on the physical organization
of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and DPPC/cholesterol membranes
were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence
polarization of 2-, 6-, 12-(9-anthroyloxy) stearic acids and 16-(9-anthroyloxy)
palmitic acid. Ethylazinphos (50 and 100 {\^I}{\textonequarter}M) increases the fluorescence
polarization of the probes, either in the gel or in the fluid phase
of DPPC bilayers, and this concentration dependent effect decreases
from the surface to the bilayer core. Additionally, the insecticide
displaces the phase transition to a lower temperature range and broadens
the transition profile of DPPC. A shifting and broadening of the
phase transition is also observed by DSC. Furthermore at insecticide/lipid
molar ratios higher than 1/7, DSC thermograms, in addition to the
normal transition centered at 41{\^A}°C, also display a new phase transition
centered at 45.5{\^A}°C. The enthalpy of this new transition increases
with insecticide concentration, with a corresponding decrease of
the main transition enthalpy. Ethylazinphos in DPPC bilayers with
low cholesterol ({\^a}‰¤20 mol{\%}) perturbs the membrane organization as
described above for pure DPPC. However, cholesterol concentrations
higher than 20 mol{\%} prevent insecticide interaction, as revealed
by fluorescence polarization and DSC data. Apparently, cholesterol
significantly modulates insecticide interaction by competition for
similar distribution domains in the membrane. The present results
strongly support our previous hypothesis that ethylazinphos locates
in the cooperativity region, i.e. the region of C1{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}C9 atoms of
the acyl chains, and extends to the lipid{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}water interface, where
it increases lipid packing order sensed across all the thickness
of the bilayer. Additionally, and, on the basis of DSC data, a lateral
regionalization of ethylazinphos is here tentatively suggested.},
 author = {{Romeu~A.~Videira} and {Maria~C.~Antunes-Madeira} and {Victor~M.C.~Madeira}},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Biophysical perturbations induced by ethylazinphos in lipid membranes},
 keywords = {Ethylazinphos},
 pages = {139--153},
 volume = {97},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/S0009-3084(98)00105-4}
}


@article{SaintLaurent.1998,
 abstract = {We have investigated the interaction between a new class of antineoplastic
agents derived from arylchloroethylurea (CEU) and model membrane
of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. The results indicate that the drug incorporates in
the bilayer and causes an increase of the lipid acyl chain order,
this effect being greater close to the interfacial region of the
lipid bilayer. The increase in ordering is dependent on the nature
(degree of ramification, length of the alkyl chain, and presence
of a sulfur atom) as well as on the position of the R substituent
and is correlated with the cytotoxicity of the drugs. More specifically,
the more cytotoxic drugs, such as 4-sec-butyl CEU, are those having
a bulky ramified substituent and those for which the ordering effect
on the lipid bilayer is the smallest. On the other hand, the ordering
effect is greater and seen all along the lipid acyl chains for the
long-chain CEUs, such as n-hexadecyl CEU, which have been shown to
have very weak cytotoxic activity. Finally, the results obtained
as a function of the drug concentration indicate that the ordering
effect is seen for lipid to drug molar ratios as low as 20:1.},
 author = {Saint-Laurent, A. and Boudreau, P. and Gaudreault, R. C. and Poyet, P. and Auger, M.},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Interaction between lipid bilayers and a new class of antineoplastic  agents derived from arylchloroethylurea: a H-2 solid-state NMR study},
 keywords = {deuterium;NMR;membrane;arylchloroethylurea;Liposome},
 pages = {465--471},
 volume = {76},
 number = {2-3},
 issn = {0829-8211},
 journal = {Biochemistry And Cell Biology-biochimie Et Biologie Cellulaire},
 doi = {10.1139/bcb-76-2-3-465}
}


@article{Sengupta.2007,
 abstract = {Fluorescence resonance energy transfer ( FRET) between matched carbocyanine
lipid analogs in the plasma membrane outer lea. et of RBL mast cells
was used to investigate lateral distributions of lipids and to develop
a general method for quantitative measurements of lipid heterogeneity
in live cell membranes. FRET measured as fluorescence quenching of
long-chain donor probes such as DiO-C-18 is greater with long-chain,
saturated acceptor probes such as Dil-C-16 than with unsaturated
or shorter-chain acceptors with the same chromophoric headgroup compared
at identical concentrations. FRET measurements between these lipid
probes in model membranes support the conclusion that differential
donor quenching is not caused by nonideal mixing or spectroscopic
differences. Sucrose gradient analysis of plasma membrane-labeled,
Triton X-100-lysed cells shows that proximity measured by FRET correlates
with the extent of lipid probe partitioning into detergent-resistant
membranes. FRET between DiO-C-16 and Dil-C-16 is sensitive to cholesterol
depletion and disruption of liquid order ( Lo) by shortchain ceramides,
and it is enhanced by cross linking of Lo-associated proteins. Consistent
results are obtained when homo-FRET is measured by decreased fluorescence
anisotropy of Dil-C-16. These results support the existence of nanometer-
scale Lo/liquid disorder heterogeneity of lipids in the outer lea.
et of the plasma membrane in live cells.},
 author = {Sengupta, Prabuddha and Holowka, David and Baird, Barbara},
 year = {2007},
 title = {Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between lipid probes detects  nanoscopic heterogeneity in the plasma membrane of live cells},
 pages = {3564--3574},
 volume = {92},
 number = {10},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.106.094730}
}


@article{Sevcsik.2015,
 abstract = {The organization of proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane has been the subject of a long-lasting debate. Membrane rafts of higher lipid chain order were proposed to mediate protein interactions, but have thus far not been directly observed. Here we use protein micropatterning combined with single-molecule tracking to put current models to the test: we rearranged lipid-anchored raft proteins (glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchored-mGFP) directly in the live cell plasma membrane and measured the effect on the local membrane environment. Intriguingly, this treatment does neither nucleate the formation of an ordered membrane phase nor result in any enrichment of nanoscopic-ordered domains within the micropatterned regions. In contrast, we find that immobilized mGFP-GPIs behave as inert obstacles to the diffusion of other membrane constituents without influencing their membrane environment over distances beyond their physical size. Our results indicate that phase partitioning is not a fundamental element of protein organization in the plasma membrane.},
 author = {Sevcsik, Eva and Brameshuber, Mario and F{\"o}lser, Martin and Weghuber, Julian and Honigmann, Alf and Sch{\"u}tz, Gerhard J.},
 year = {2015},
 title = {GPI-anchored proteins do not reside in ordered domains in the live cell plasma membrane},
 pages = {6969},
 volume = {6},
 issn = {2041-1723},
 journal = {Nat. Commun.},
 doi = {10.1038/ncomms7969}
}


@article{Shaikh.2006,
 abstract = {The major mammalian plasma membrane lipids are phosphaticlylcholines
(PCs), phosphatidylethanolamines (PIES), and cholesterol. Whereas
PC-cholesterol interactions are well studied, far less is known about
those between PE and cholesterol. Here, we investigated the molecular
organization of cholesterol in PEs that vary in their degree of acyl
chain unsaturation. For heteroacid sn-1 saturated (palmitoyl), sn-2
unsaturated (various acyl chain) PIES, cholesterol solubility determined
by X-ray diffraction was essentially identical with 1 (oleoyl, 51
+/- 3 mol {\%}) and 2 (linoleoyl, 49 +/- 2 mol {\%}) double bonds before
decreasing progressively with 4 (arachidonyl, 41 +/- 3 mol {\%}) and
6 (docosahexaenoyl, 31 +/- 3 mol {\%}) double bonds. With 6 double
bonds in each chain, cholesterol solubility was further reduced to
8.5 +/- 1 mol {\%}. However, H-2 NMR experiments established that the
orientation of cholesterol in the same heteroacid PE membranes was
unaffected by the degree of acyl chain unsaturation. A tilt angle
of 15 +/- 1 degrees was measured when equimolar [3 alpha-H-2(1)]cholesterol
was added, regardless of the number of double bonds in the sn-2 chain.
The finding that solubility of cholesterol in sn-1 saturated PlEs
depends on the amount of polyunsaturation in the sn-2 chain of PE
differs from the equivalent PCs that universally incorporate similar
to 50 mol {\%} sterol. Unlike PCs, a differential in affinity for cholesterol
and tendency to drive lateral segregation is inferred between polyunsaturated
PEs. This distinction may have biological implications reflected
by the health benefits of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids that
are often taken up into PE > PC.},
 author = {Shaikh and Cherezov, V. and Caffrey, M. and Soni, S. P. and LoCascio, D. and Stillwell, W. and Wassall},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Molecular organization of cholesterol in unsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines:  X-ray diffraction and solid state H-2 NMR reveal differences with  phosphatidylcholines},
 pages = {5375--5383},
 volume = {128},
 number = {16},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja057949b}
}


@article{Shaw.2006,
 abstract = {Coupling atomic force microscopy ( AFM) with high-resolution fluorescence
microscopy is an attractive means of identifying membrane domains
by both physical topography and fluorescence. We have used this approach
to study the ability of a suite of fluorescent molecules to probe
domain structures in supported planar bilayers. These included BODIPY-labeled
ganglioside, sphingomyelin, and three new cholesterol derivatives,
as well as NBD-labeled phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol.
Interestingly, many fluorescent lipid probes, including derivatives
of known raft-associated lipids, preferentially partitioned into
topographical features consistent with nonraft domains. This suggests
that the covalent attachment of a small fluorophore to a lipid molecule
can abolish its ability to associate with rafts. In addition, the
localization of one of the BODIPY-cholesterol derivatives was dependent
on the lipid composition of the bilayer. These data suggest that
conclusions about the identification of membrane domains in supported
planar bilayers on the basis of fluorescent lipid probes alone must
be interpreted with caution. The combination of AFM with fluorescence
microscopy represents a more rigorous means of identifying lipid
domains in supported bilayers.},
 author = {Shaw, J. E. and Epand, R. F. and Epand, R. M. and Li, Z. G. and Bittman, R. and Yip, C. M.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Correlated fluorescence-atomic force microscopy of membrane domains:  Structure of fluorescence probes determines lipid localization},
 pages = {2170--2178},
 volume = {90},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.105.073510}
}


@article{Shrivastava.2009,
 abstract = {Fluorescent analogues of cholesterol offer a powerful approach for
monitoring cholesterol behavior in membranes because of their high
sensitivity, suitable time resolution, and multiplicity of measurable
parameters. In this work, we have monitored the orientation and dynamics
of a novel fluorescent cholesterol probe, 6-dansylcholestanol (DChol),
in membranes of different phase type utilizing sensitive fluorescence
techniques including the red-edge excitation shift (REES) approach.
Our results show that fluorescence emission maximum, anisotropy,
and lifetime of DChol are dependent on the phase of the membrane.
Interestingly, DChol exhibits significant red-edge excitation shift
(REES) that appear to depend on the phase of the membrane. Analysis
of membrane penetration depth by the parallax method shows that the
dansyl group of DChol is localized at the inter-facial region of
the membrane (similar to 15.6 angstrom from the center of the bilayer).
This is in excellent agreement with the previously reported location
of cholesterol in fluid-phase membranes. We propose that DChol could
be a potentially useful cholesterol analogue in future studies of
model and biological membranes.},
 author = {Shrivastava, Sandeep and Haldar, Sourav and Gimpl, Gerald and Chattopadhyay, Amitabha},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Orientation and Dynamics of a Novel Fluorescent Cholesterol Analogue  in Membranes of Varying Phase},
 pages = {4475--4481},
 volume = {113},
 number = {13},
 issn = {1520-6106},
 journal = {JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B},
 doi = {10.1021/jp808309u}
}


@article{Silvius.2003,
 abstract = {An approach is described using fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET) to detect inhomogeneity in lipid organization, on distance
scales of the order of tens of nanometers or greater, in lipid bilayers.
This approach compares the efficiency of energy transfer between
two matched fluorescent lipid donors, differing in their affinities
for ordered versus disordered regions of the bilayer, and an acceptor
lipid that distributes preferentially into disordered regions. Inhomogeneities
in bilayer organization, on spatial scales of tens of nanometers
or greater, are detected as a marked difference in the efficiencies
of quenching of fluorescence of the two donor species by the acceptor.
Using a novel pair of 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl (NBD)-labeled
tetraacyl lipids as donor species with a rhodaminyl-labeled acceptor,
this strategy faithfully reports homo-versus inhomogeneous mixing
in each of several lipid bilayer systems whose organization on the
FRET distance scale can be predicted from previous findings. Interestingly,
however, the present FRET method reports clear evidence of inhomogeneity
in the organization of mixtures combining sphingomyelin or saturated
phospholipids with unsaturated phospholipids and physiological proportions
of cholesterol, even at physiological temperatures where these systems
have been reported to appear homogeneous by fluorescence microscopy.
These results indicate that under physiological conditions, lipid
mixtures mimicking the lipid composition of the outer lea. et of
the plasma membrane can form domains on a spatial scale comparable
to that inferred for the dimensions of lipid rafts in biological
membranes.},
 author = {Silvius},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Fluorescence energy transfer reveals microdomain formation at physiological  temperatures in lipid mixtures modeling the outer leaflet of the  plasma membrane},
 pages = {1034--1045},
 volume = {85},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74542-1}
}


@article{Silvius.2003b,
 abstract = {Biochemical and cell-biological experiments have identified cholesterol as an important component of lipid 'rafts' and related structures (e.g., caveolae) in mammalian cell membranes, and membrane cholesterol levels as a key factor in determining raft stability and organization. Studies using cholesterol-containing bilayers as model systems have provided important insights into the roles that cholesterol plays in determining lipid raft behavior. This review will discuss recent progress in understanding two aspects of lipid-cholesterol interactions that are particularly relevant to understanding the formation and properties of lipid rafts. First, we will consider evidence that cholesterol interacts differentially with different membrane lipids, associating particularly strongly with saturated, high-melting phospho- and sphingolipids and particularly weakly with highly unsaturated lipid species. Second, we will review recent progress in reconstituting and directly observing segregated raft-like (liquid-ordered) domains in model membranes that mimic the lipid compositions of natural membranes incorporating raft domains},
 author = {Silvius, J. R.},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Role of cholesterol in lipid raft formation: lessons from lipid model systems},
 keywords = {Cholesterol;DOMAIN;LIPID RAFTS;SPHINGOLIPIDS},
 pages = {174--183},
 volume = {1610},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@article{Singer.1990,
 author = {Singer, Ma and Finegold, L.},
 year = {1990},
 title = {Cholesterol interacts with all of the lipid in bilayer-membranes  - implications for models},
 pages = {153--156},
 volume = {57},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{RonaldN.McElhaney.1982,
 abstract = {Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and to a lesser extent differential
thermal analysis (DTA), are powerful yet relatively rapid and inexpensive
thermodynamic techniques for studying the thermotropic phase behavior
of lipids in model and biological membranes, without the introduction
of exogenous probe molecules. In this review the principles as well
as the scope and limitations of DSC and DTA are discussed first.
The application of these techniques to the study of the thermotropic
phase behavior of aqueous dispersions of various single synthetic
phospholipids are then summarized, and the effects of cholesterol,
free fatty acids, lysophospholipids, drugs, anesthetics and proteins
on the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions exhibited by these
model systems are discussed. The phase mixing properties of model
membranes consisting of mixtures of two or more synthetic or natural
phospholipids are considered next. Finally, the thermotropic phase
behavior of prokaryotic plasma membranes and of the plasma, microsomal
and mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells are reviewed, and
the applications of DSC and DTA to study the thermal behavior of
specific membrane proteins, as well as the physical properties of
the membrane lipid phase, are summarized.},
 author = {{Ronald~N.~McElhaney}},
 year = {1982},
 title = {The use of differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermal  analysis in studies of model and biological membranes},
 keywords = {Differential scanning calorimetry},
 pages = {229--259},
 volume = {30},
 number = {2{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}3},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/0009-3084(82)90053-6}
}


@article{Leonard.2001,
 abstract = {The vertical location of 30 mol {\%} cholesterol in a hydrated dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
(DMPC) membrane was determined by neutron diffraction on annealed
samples containing deuterated or protonated cholesterol at 10, 20,
25, 30, and 50 degreesC. The sterol was deuterium-labeled in positions
2, 2, 3, 4, 4, and 6, and proton-deuterium contrast techniques were
used to locate the position of the labeled part of the steroid in
the membrane. Cholesterol. is found well embedded in the membrane,with
ring A at 16.3 +/-;0.5 Angstrom from the bilayer center at 10 degreesC.
This location linearly decreases to 15.1 +/- 0.5 A at 50 degreesC,
demonstrating that the sterol is not expelled from the membrane on
crossing the former gel-to-fluid phase transition of pure DMPC (24
degreesC). Molecular dynamics were also performed on well-hydrated
membranes in the presence and absence of cholesterol. Neutron scattering
ID profiles were then calculated for comparison with experimental
neutron scattering data. The profile obtained from pure fluid-phase
lipids is in nice agreement both in shape and in bilayer hydrophobic
thickness with the experiment. The pure gel-phase calculation leads
to the correct line shape but with an overestimated bilayer thickness.
In the presence of cholesterol, only the calculation performed with
initial gel-phase conditions leads to a hydrophobic thickness in
agreement with neutron data. Ring A of cholesterol is found at 15.2
+/- 0.5 Angstrom at 10 degreesC, underestimating the experimental
value by only 1 Angstrom. Molecular dynamics show that the hydroxyl
group of cholesterol is hydrated and in such a proximity to the carboxyl
oxygens of the phospholipids that it can make hydrogen bonds. The
ability for molecular dynamics calculations on membranes to determine
structural data in membranes is finally discussed.},
 author = {Leonard, A. and Escrive, C. and Laguerre, M. and Pebay-Peyroula, E. and Neri, W. and Pott, T. and Katsaras, J. and Dufourc, E. J.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Location of cholesterol in DMPC membranes. A comparative study by  neutron diffraction and molecular mechanics simulation},
 pages = {2019--2030},
 volume = {17},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0743-7463},
 journal = {Langmuir},
 doi = {10.1021/la001382p}
}


@article{LeNeveu.1977,
 author = {LeNeveu, D. M. and Rand, R. P. and Parsegian, V. A. and Gingell, D.},
 year = {1977},
 title = {Measurement and modification of forces between lecithin bilayers},
 urldate = {29.04.2015},
 pages = {209--230},
 number = {18},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Leftin.2011,
 abstract = {Computational methods are powerful in capturing the results of experimental
studies in terms of force fields that both explain and predict biological
structures. Validation of molecular simulations requires comparison
with experimental data to test and confirm computational predictions.
Here we report a comprehensive database of NMR results for membrane
phospholipids with interpretations intended to be accessible by non-NMR
specialists. Experimental C-13-H-1 and H-2 NMR segmental order parameters
(S-CH or S-CD) and spin-lattice (Zeeman) relaxation times (T-1Z)
are summarized in convenient tabular form for various saturated,
unsaturated, and biological membrane phospholipids. Segmental order
parameters give direct information about bilayer structural properties,
including the area per lipid and volumetric hydrocarbon thickness.
In addition, relaxation rates provide complementary information about
molecular dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the magnetic
field dependence (frequency dispersion) of the NMR relaxation rates
in terms of various simplified power laws. Model-free reduction of
the T-1Z studies in terms of a power-law formalism shows that the
relaxation rates for saturated phosphatidylcholines follow a single
frequency-dispersive trend within the MHz regime. We show how analytical
models can guide the continued development of atomistic and coarse-grained
force fields. Our interpretation suggests that lipid diffusion and
collective order fluctuations are implicitly governed by the viscoelastic
nature of the liquid-crystalline ensemble. Collective bilayer excitations
are emergent over mesoscopic length scales that fall between the
molecular and bilayer dimensions, and are important for lipid organization
and lipid-protein interactions. Future conceptual advances and theoretical
reductions will foster understanding of biomembrane structural dynamics
through a synergy of NMR measurements and molecular simulations.
(c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 author = {Leftin, Avigdor and Brown, Michael F.},
 year = {2011},
 title = {An NMR database for simulations of membrane dynamics},
 keywords = {Cholesterol;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid-protein interactions;Molecular dynamics;Nuclear spin relaxation;Order parameter;phospholipid;RAFTS;Solid-state NMR},
 pages = {818--839},
 volume = {1808},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.027}
}


@article{DavidE.Lee.2013,
 author = {{David~E.~Lee} and {Matthew~G.~Lew} and {Dixon~J.~Woodbury}},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Vesicle fusion to planar membranes is enhanced by cholesterol and  low temperature},
 keywords = {Fusion},
 pages = {45--54},
 volume = {166},
 number = {0},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.11.004}
}


@article{Davis.2014,
 abstract = {Static (2)H NMR spectroscopy is used to study the critical behavior of mixtures of 1,2-dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine/1,2-dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/cholesterol in molar proportion 37.5:37.5:25 using either chain perdeuterated DPPC-d62 or chain methyl deuterated DPPC-d6. The temperature dependence of the first moment of the (2)H spectrum of the sample made with DPPC-d62 and of the quadrupolar splittings of the chain-methyl-labeled DPPC-d6 sample are directly related to the temperature dependence of the critical order parameter \textgreek{h}, which scales as [Formula: see text] near the critical temperature. Analysis of the data reveals that for the chain perdeuterated sample, the value of Tc is 301.51 $\pm$ 0.1 K, and that of the critical exponent, \textgreek{b}c~= 0.391 $\pm$ 0.02. The line shape analysis of the methyl labeled (d6) sample gives Tc~= 303.74 $\pm$ 0.07 K and \textgreek{b}c~= 0.338 $\pm$ 0.009. These values obtained for \textgreek{b}c are in good agreement with the predictions of a three-dimensional Ising model. The difference in critical temperature between the two samples having nominally the same molar composition arises because of the lowering of the phase transition temperature that occurs due to the perdeuteration of the DPPC.},
 author = {Davis, James H. and Schmidt, Miranda L.},
 year = {2014},
 title = {Critical behaviour in DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol mixtures: static (2)H NMR line shapes near the critical point},
 url = {24806929},
 keywords = {1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry;Cholesterol/chemistry;Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy;Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry;Temperature},
 urldate = {23.06.2015},
 pages = {1970--1978},
 volume = {106},
 number = {9},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2014.03.037}
}


@article{Demetzos.2008,
 abstract = {Thermodynamical techniques are applied for determining the thermal
stress of medicinal compounds of the excipients as well as their
interactions during the formulation process. The physicochemical
properties and the stability of the medicinal products could be measured
as a function of temperature or time using thermal analysis. Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a suitable thermal analysis technique
for determining the purity, the polymorphic forms and the melting
point of a sample in the Pharmaceutical Industry. It is also considered
as a tool to study the thermal behavior of lipid bilayers and of
lipidic drug delivery systems, like liposomes by measuring thermodynamic
parameters (i.e. Delta H and Tm), which affect the stability of the
liposomal suspension under given storage conditions.},
 author = {Demetzos, Costas},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): A tool to study the thermal  behavior of lipid bilayers and liposomal stability},
 keywords = {thermal analysis;Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC);Lipid Bilayers;stability;liposomes},
 pages = {159--173},
 volume = {18},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0898-2104},
 journal = {J. Liposome Res.},
 doi = {10.1080/08982100802310261}
}


@article{Dickey.2008,
 author = {Dickey, Allison and Faller, Roland},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Examining the contributions of lipid shape and headgroup charge  on bilayer behavior},
 pages = {2636--2646},
 volume = {95},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.107.128074}
}


@article{DrewMarquardt.2012,
 author = {{Drew~Marquardt} and {Justin A.~Williams} and {Norbert~Kucerka} and {Jeffery~Atkinson} and {and~John~Katsaras} and {Stephen R.~Wassall} and {Thad A.~Harroun}},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Tocopherol activity correlates with its location in a membrane:  A new perspective on the anti-oxidant Vitamin E},
 journal = {Nature Structural {\&} Molecular Biology}
}


@article{Dufourc.1984,
 author = {Dufourc, E. J. and Parish, E. J. and Chitrakorn, S. and Smith, I.C.P},
 year = {1984},
 title = {Structural And Dynamical Details Of Cholesterol Lipid Interaction  As Revealed By Deuterium Nmr},
 pages = {6062--6071},
 volume = {23},
 number = {25},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi00320a025}
}


@article{EfratBodner.2010,
 abstract = {Determination of the depth of radical penetration into a lipid membrane
is critical to the understanding of the role membranes play in radical
attack. We have previously studied radical penetration into lipid
bilayers using novel lipophilic spin traps and a combination of NMR
and ESR techniques. We now focus on erythrocyte ghost (EG) membranes.
Based on a correlation between ESR {\^I}$^2$-H splitting constants (a{\^I}$^2$-H)
and solvent polarity, we have been able to locate stable radicals
such as doxyls 2{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}4 and spin adducts 6{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}8 intercalated within liposomal
bilayers and EG membranes. As a rule, the more lipophilic a spin
adduct, the deeper it is found in the bilayer; however, the depth
of penetration also depends on the steric bulk of the intercalant
and whether intercalation is effected by sonication or diffusion,
with the former more energetic and more effective. Compared to simple
liposomes, the head group region of the red blood cell membrane is
more rigid and lipophilic because of the presence of cholesterol.
Hence, the biomembrane head group filters out possible intercalants
that are not sufficiently lipophilic. Steric bulk plays less of a
role in the EG system, perhaps because the cholesterol introduces
a greater element of disorder, attenuating the role played by lipid{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}lipid
interactions.},
 author = {{Efrat~Bodner} and {Michal~Afri} and {Aryeh~A.~Frimer}},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Determining radical penetration into membranes using ESR splitting  constants},
 keywords = {Liposome},
 pages = {427--436},
 volume = {49},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0891-5849},
 journal = {Free Radicals Biol. Med.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.029}
}


@article{Engelman.1972,
 author = {Engelman, D. M. and Rothman, J. E.},
 year = {1972},
 title = {The planar organization of lecithin-cholesterol bilayers},
 keywords = {Cholesterol;X-RAY;MOLECULAR PACKING},
 urldate = {23.06.2015},
 pages = {3694--3697},
 volume = {247},
 journal = {J. Biol. Chem.}
}


@article{Evans.1986,
 author = {Evans, E. A. and Parsegian, V. A.},
 year = {1986},
 title = {Thermal-mechanical fluctuations enhance repulsion between bimolecular layers},
 keywords = {FLUCTUATIONS},
 urldate = {23.06.2015},
 pages = {7132--7136},
 volume = {83},
 journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.}
}


@article{Falck.2006,
 abstract = {We have studied the effects of cholesterol and steroid-based antibiotic
fusidic acid (FA) on the behavior of lipid bilayers using a variety
of experimental techniques together with atomic-scale molecular dynamics
simulations. Capillary electrophoretic measurements showed that FA
was incorporated into fluid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
membranes. Differential scanning calorimetry in turn showed that
FA only slightly altered the thermodynamic properties of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(DPPC) bilayers, whereas cholesterol abolished all endotherms when
the mole fraction of cholesterol (X-chol) was > 0.20. Fluorescence
spectroscopy was then used to further characterize the influence
of these two steroids on DPPC large unilamellar vesicles. In the
case of FA, our result strongly suggested that FA was organized into
lateral microdomains with increased water penetration into the membrane.
For cholesterol/DPPC mixtures, fluorescence spectroscopy results
were compatible with the formation of the liquid-ordered phase. A
comparison of FA and cholesterol-induced effects on DPPC bilayers
through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations showed that both
FA and cholesterol tend to order neighboring lipid chains. However,
the ordering effect of FA was slightly weaker than that of cholesterol,
and especially for deprotonated FA the difference was significant.
Summarizing, our results show that FA is readily incorporated into
the lipid bilayer where it is likely to be enriched into lateral
microdomains. These domains could facilitate the association of elongation
actor-G into lipid rafts in living bacteria, enhancing markedly the
antibiotic efficacy of FA.},
 author = {Falck, Emma and Hautala, Jari T. and Karttunen, Mikko and {Kinnunen,~Paavo~K.~J.} and Patra, Michael and Saaren-Seppala, Heikki and Vattulainen, Ilpo and Wiedmer, Susanne K. and Holopainen, Juha M.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Interaction of fusidic acid with lipid membranes: Implications to  the mechanism of antibiotic activity},
 pages = {1787--1799},
 volume = {91},
 number = {5},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.106.084525}
}


@article{Feigenson.2009,
 abstract = {Understanding the phase behavior of biological membranes is helped by the study of more simple systems. Model membranes that have as few as 3 components exhibit complex phase behavior that can be well described, providing insight for biological membranes. A number of different studies are in agreement on general findings for some compositional phase diagrams, in particular, those that model the outer leaflet of animal cell plasma membranes. These model mixtures include cholesterol, together with one high-melting lipid and one low-melting lipid. An interesting finding is of two categories of such 3-component mixtures, leading to what we term Type I and Type II compositional phase diagrams. The latter have phase regions of macroscopic coexisting domains of [Lalpha+Lbeta+Lo] and of [Lalpha+Lo], with domains resolved under the light microscope. Type I mixtures have the same phase coexistence regions, but the domains seem to be nanoscopic. Type I mixtures are likely to be better models for biological membranes},
 author = {Feigenson, G. W.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Phase diagrams and lipid domains in multicomponent lipid bilayer mixtures},
 keywords = {Animal;Animals;BEHAVIOR;BILAYER;BILAYERS;BIOLOGICAL-MEMBRANES;Biophysics;CELL;chemistry;Cholesterol;COMPLEX;COMPLEXES;COMPONENT;DIAGRAM;DIAGRAMS;DOMAIN;DOMAINS;Hydrophobic;Hydrophilic Interactions;i;Light;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;lipid domain;LIPID DOMAINS;LIPID-BILAYER;LIPID-BILAYERS;Lipids;membrane;Membrane Lipids;Membrane Microdomains;MEMBRANE-LIPIDS;Membranes;MIXTURES;MODEL;model membrane;MODEL MEMBRANES;Models;Biological;Theoretical;OUTER LEAFLET;PHASE;phase diagram;phase diagrams;PHASE-BEHAVIOR;PHASE-DIAGRAM;PLASMA-MEMBRANE;Pt;REGION;Research;Surface Properties;SYSTEM;SYSTEMS;ultrastructure},
 pages = {47--52},
 volume = {1788},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@article{Feigenson.2001,
 abstract = {A ternary phase diagram is proposed for the hydrated lamellar lipid
mixture dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/dilauroylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol
(DPPC/DLPC/cholesterol) at room temperature. The entire composition
space has been thoroughly mapped by complementary experimental techniques,
revealing interesting phase behavior that has not been previously
described. Confocal fluorescence microscopy shows a regime of coexisting
DPPC-rich ordered and DLPC-rich fluid lamellar phases, having an
upper boundary at apparently constant cholesterol mole fraction chi(chol)
approximately 0.16. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments
confirm the identification and extent of this two-phase regime and,
furthermore, reveal a 1-phase regime between chi(chol) approximately
0.16 and 0.25, consisting of ordered and fluid nanoscopic domains.
Dipyrene-PC excimer/monomer measurements confirm the new regime between
chi(chol) approximately 0.16 and 0.25 and also show that rigidly
ordered phases seem to disappear around chi(chol) approximately 0.25.
This study should be considered as a step toward a more complete
understanding of lateral heterogeneity within biomembranes. Cholesterol
may play a role in domain separation on the nanometer scale.},
 author = {Feigenson, G. W. and Buboltz, J. T.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Ternary phase diagram of dipalmitoyl-PC/dilauroyl-PC/cholesterol:  nanoscopic domain formation driven by cholesterol},
 keywords = {1;2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine;Cholesterol;Energy Transfer;Lipid Bilayers;liposomes;Membrane Microdomains;Microscopy;Confocal;Fluorescence;Models;Biological;Chemical;Phosphatidylcholines},
 pages = {2775-2788--},
 volume = {80},
 number = {6},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@book{Fitter.2006,
 abstract = {Annotation},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Neutron scattering in biology: Techniques and applications},
 keywords = {Neutrons;neutron diffraction;SCIENCE;Physique},
 address = {Berlin and New York},
 publisher = {Springer},
 isbn = {9783540291084},
 series = {Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering},
 editor = {Fitter, J. and Gutberlet, T. and Katsaras, J.}
}


@book{Fitter.2006b,
 abstract = {Annotation},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Neutron scattering in biology: Techniques and applications},
 keywords = {Neutrons;neutron diffraction;SCIENCE;Physique},
 address = {Berlin and New York},
 publisher = {Springer},
 isbn = {9783540291084},
 series = {Biological and medical physics, biomedical engineering},
 editor = {Fitter, J. and Gutberlet, T. and Katsaras, J.}
}


@article{G.S.Smith.1988,
 author = {{G.~S.~Smith} and {E. B.~Sirota} and {C. R.~Safinya} and {N. A.~Clark}},
 year = {1988},
 title = {Structure of the L$\backslash$C3?' Phase in a Hydrated Phosphatidylcholine Multimembrane},
 pages = {813--816},
 volume = {60},
 issn = {0031-9007},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}
}


@article{Garcia.2001,
 author = {Garcia, R. A. and Pantazatos, S. P. and Pantazatos, D. P. and MacDonald, R. C.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Cholesterol stabilizes hemifused phospholipid bilayer vesicles},
 pages = {264--270},
 volume = {1511},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0005-2736(01)00283-8}
}


@article{Gawrisch.1996,
 abstract = {A delicate balance of attractive and repulsive forces between lipid
molecules determines the average area per lipid in the liquid crystalline
lamellar phase. Formation of inverted non-lamellar phases is linked
to an imbalance in lateral tension between lipid headgroups and chains
favoring formation of curved lipid monolayers, such as in Inverse
hexagonal (H-II) and cubic phases. If assembled in bilayers, non-lamellar
forming lipids are under a curvature related lateral stress. This
tension imbalance influences molecular cross-sectional area in the
lamellar phase which is reflected in order parameter changes of a
perdeuterated lipid chain. H-2 NMR order parameters are sensitive
to variations as small as 0.2 Angstrom(2) in area per molecule. Curvature
stress caused by a reduction of repulsive forces between headgroups,
e.g. replacement of PC with PE raises chain order and reduces area
per lipid by a few square angstrom. Stress caused by increased repulsive
tension between lipid hydrocarbon chains, e.g. an increase in chain
length, chain unsaturation or a rise in temperature, lowers chain
order and increases area per molecule. Addition of alkanes, alcohols,
cholesterol and other substances also changes lipid order, but interpretation
of these changes in terms of tension in headgroup and chain regions
does not follow simple patterns. In addition to altering tension,
these additives may stabilize non-lamellar phases by lowering interstitial
energies.},
 author = {Gawrisch, K. and Holte, L. L.},
 year = {1996},
 title = {NMR investigations of non-lamellar phase promoters in the lamellar  phase state},
 pages = {105--116},
 volume = {81},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids}
}


@article{GILBERT.1975,
 author = {GILBERT, D. B. and TANFORD, C. and REYNOLDS, J. A.},
 year = {1975},
 title = {CHOLESTEROL IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION - HYDROPHOBICITY AND SELF-ASSOCIATION},
 pages = {444--448},
 volume = {14},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi00673a035}
}


@article{Gouliaev.1998,
 abstract = {Quantitative theory of interbilayer interactions is essential to interpret x-ray scattering data and to elucidate these interactions for biologically relevant systems. For this purpose Monte Carlo simulations have been performed to obtain pressure P and positional fluctuations sigma. An alternative method, called Fourier Monte Carlo (FMC), that is based on a Fourier representation of the displacement field, is developed and its superiority over the standard method is demonstrated. The FMC method is applied to simulating a single membrane between two hard walls, which models a stack of lipid bilayer membranes with nonharmonic interactions. Finite-size scaling is demonstrated and used to obtain accurate values for P and sigma in the limit of a large continuous membrane. The results are compared with perturbation theory approximations, and numerical differences are found in the nonharmonic case. Therefore the FMC method, rather than the approximations, should be used for establishing the connection between model potentials and observable quantities, as well as for pure modeling purposes},
 author = {Gouliaev, N. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Simulations of a single membrane between two walls using a Monte Carlo method},
 url = {ISI:000074893400112},
 keywords = {FLUCTUATIONS;MONTE-CARLO;X-RAY},
 pages = {881--888},
 volume = {58},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E}
}


@article{DanielLingwood.2010,
 author = {{Daniel~Lingwood} and {Kai~Simons}},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Lipid Rafts As a Membrane-Organizing Principle},
 pages = {46--50},
 volume = {327},
 journal = {Science}
}


@article{D.L.Worcester.1976,
 author = {{D.L.~Worcester} and {N.P.~Franks}},
 year = {1976},
 title = {Structural analysis of hydrated egg lecithin and cholesterol bilayers  II. Neutron diffraction},
 journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology}
}


@article{D.Chapman.1967,
 author = {{D.~Chapman} and {R.M.~Williams} and {B.D.~Ladbrooke}},
 year = {1967},
 title = {Physical studies of phospholipids. VI. Thermotropic and lyotropic  mesomorphism of some 1,2-diacyl-phosphatidylcholines (lecithins)},
 pages = {445--475},
 volume = {1},
 number = {5},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/0009-3084(67)90023-0}
}


@article{Clarke.2009,
 abstract = {Ternary phase diagrams have been shown to be very useful in understanding
the phenomena of lipid rafts. Recently a comprehensive ternary phase
diagram for DPPC-d(62)/DOPC/Chol using static (2)H-NMR has been reported
[ S. L. Veatch, O. Soubias, S. L. Keller, and K. Gawrisch Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
2007, 104, 17650-17655]. However, it is often difficult to interpret
these ternary phase diagrams as there are many possible ambiguities,
in particular, the extent of the gel(s(o))-L(o)-L(alpha)(1(d)) three
phase region and the clear demarcation between the gel(s(o)) and
L(o) phase. Here we examine the canonical model lipid raft system
by a multinuclear approach using (2)H static and (13)C, (31)P Magic
Angle Spinning (MAS) NMR. By using deuterated DPPC (DPPC-d(62)) it
is possible to examine changes in the methylene chain order parameters
of the saturated lipid whilst changing the ratio of saturated to
unsaturated phospholipid. From these data it is possible to propose
the existence at low temperatures (<20 degrees C) of a disrupted
or disordered gel-type phase at ratios as high as 1:1:1 DOPC/DPPC/Chol,
in equilibrium with fluid phases. The presence of a gel-type phase
was also confirmed by (13)C and (31)P MAS NMR. This disrupted gel-type
phase has different properties in terms of axial rotation than that
of the liquid ordered phase (L(o)). We have also shown that it is
possible to observe different quadrupolar splittings for the inequivalent
sn-1 and sn-2 methyl groups in a gel phase. We have concluded that
this is not always indicative of a liquid-ordered lamellar L(o) phase,
as previously assumed. Above the melting point of the gel-type phase
(similar to 20 degrees C), we observe a single fluid environment
for both DPPC-d(62) and Chol-d(1) on the basis of the (2)H-NMR spectra,
which are an average of a fluid disordered (L alpha) and an Lo phase.
In this fluid regime, the order parameters for the 1:1:1 system DPPC-d(62)/DOPC/Chol
are close to that of the binary (1:1) DPPC-d(62): Chol system, indicating
non-random distribution of the DPPC-d(62). Increasing the ratio of
DOPC to DPPC, from 1:1:1 to 1.5:1:1 to 2:1:1 in the ternary system,
causes an increase in chain length of the DPPC-d(62) in the fluid
phase.},
 author = {Clarke, James A. and Seddon, John M. and Law, Robert V.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Cholesterol containing model membranes studied by multinuclear solid  state NMR spectroscopy},
 pages = {369--378},
 volume = {5},
 number = {2},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {SOFT MATTER},
 doi = {10.1039/b809139k}
}


@article{A.Tardieu.1973,
 author = {{A.~Tardieu} and {V.~Luzzati} and {F.C.~Reman}},
 year = {1973},
 title = {Structure and polymorphism of the hydrocarbon chains of lipids: a  study of lecithin-water phases},
 pages = {711--733},
 volume = {75},
 journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology}
}


@article{Almeida.2009,
 abstract = {The mutual interactions between lipids in bilayers are reviewed, including mixtures of phospholipids, and mixtures of phospholipids and cholesterol (Chol). Binary mixtures and ternary mixtures are considered, with special emphasis on membranes containing Chol, an ordered phospholipid, and a disordered phospholipid. Typically the ordered phospholipid is a sphingomyelin (SM) or a long-chain saturated phosphatidylcholine (PC), both of which have high phase transitions temperatures; the disordered phospholipid is 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) or dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). The unlike nearest-neighbor interaction free energies (omega(AB)) between lipids (including Chol), obtained by an variety of unrelated methods, are typically in the range of 0-400 cal/mol in absolute value. Most are positive, meaning that the interaction is unfavorable, but some are negative, meaning it is favorable. It is of special interest that favorable interactions occur mainly between ordered phospholipids and Chol. The interpretation of domain formation in complex mixtures of Chol and phospholipids in terms of phase separation or condensed complexes is discussed in the light of the values of lipid mutual interactions},
 author = {Almeida, P. F.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Thermodynamics of lipid interactions in complex bilayers},
 keywords = {1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine;Animals;BILAYER;BILAYERS;BINARY-MIXTURES;Biochemistry;chemistry;Cholesterol;COMPLEX;Complex Mixtures;COMPLEXES;DOMAIN;DOMAIN FORMATION;DOPC;ENERGY;FREE-ENERGY;Humans;interaction;Light;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;LIPID INTERACTIONS;Lipid Metabolism;LIPID-BILAYER;LIPID-BILAYERS;Lipids;membrane;Membrane Lipids;MEMBRANE-LIPIDS;Membranes;metabolism;methods;MIXTURES;Models;Biological;Chemical;PHASE;Phase separation;phase transition;phase transitions;PHASE-SEPARATION;PHASE-TRANSITION;PHASE-TRANSITIONS;PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE;phospholipid;Phospholipids;physiology;Pt;RANGE;Research;SEPARATION;Temperature;TERNARY MIXTURES;Thermodynamics;TRANSITION;TRANSITIONS},
 pages = {72--85},
 volume = {1788},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@article{Armendariz.2012,
 abstract = {Single molecule fluorescence measurements have recently been used
to probe the orientation of fluorescent lipid analogs doped into
lipid films at trace levels. Using defocused polarized total internal
reflection fluorescence microscopy (PTIRF-M), these studies have
shown that fluorophore orientation responds to changes in membrane
surface pressure and composition, providing a molecular level marker
of membrane structure. Here we extend those studies by characterizing
the single molecule orientations of six related BODIPY probes doped
into monolayers of DPPC. Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers transferred
at various surface pressures are used to compare the response from
fluorescent lipid analogs in which the location of the BODIPY probe
is varied along the length of the acyl chain. For each BODIPY probe
location along the chain, comparisons are made between analogs containing
phosphocholine and smaller fatty acid headgroups. Together these
studies show a general propensity of the BODIPY analogs to insert
into membranes with the BODIPY probe aligned along the acyl chains
or looped back to interact with the headgroups. For all BODIPY probes
studied, a bimodal orientation distribution is observed which is
sensitive to surface pressure, with the population of BODIPY probes
aligned along the acyl chains increasing with elevated surface pressure.
Trends in the single molecule orientations for the six analogs reveal
a configuration where optimal placement of the BODIPY probe within
the acyl chain maximizes its sensitivity to the surrounding membrane
structure. These results are discussed in terms of balancing the
effects of headgroup association with acyl chain length in designing
the optimal placement of the BODIPY probe.},
 author = {Armendariz, Kevin P. and Huckabay, Heath A. and Livanec, Philip W. and Dunn, Robert C.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Single molecule probes of membrane structure: Orientation of BODIPY  probes in DPPC as a function of probe structure},
 pages = {1402--1408},
 volume = {137},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0003-2654},
 journal = {Analyst},
 doi = {10.1039/c2an16255e}
}


@article{Armstrong.2012,
 author = {Armstrong, C. L. and Barrett, M. A. and Toppozini, L. and Ku\v{c}erka, N. and Yamani, Z. and Katsaras, J. and Fragneto, G. and Rheinst{\"a}dter, M. C.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Co-existence of gel and fluid lipid domains in single-component  phospholipid membranes},
 pages = {4687--4694},
 volume = {8},
 number = {17},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {Soft Matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c2sm07158d}
}


@article{Armstrong.2012b,
 author = {Armstrong, Clare L. and Barrett, Matthew A. and Hiess, Arno and Salditt, Tim and Katsaras, John and Shi, An-Chang and Rheinstaedter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Effect of cholesterol on the lateral nanoscale dynamics of fluid  membranes},
 pages = {901--913},
 volume = {41},
 number = {10},
 issn = {0175-7571},
 journal = {Eur. Biophys. J. Biophys. Lett. },
 doi = {10.1007/s00249-012-0826-4}
}


@article{Armstrong.2013,
 author = {Armstrong, Clare L. and Marquardt, Drew and Dies, Hannah and Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert and Yamani, Zahra and Harroun, Thad A. and Katsaras, John and Shi, An-Chang and Rheinstaedter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {The Observation of Highly Ordered Domains in Membranes with Cholesterol},
 volume = {8},
 number = {6},
 pages = {e66162}
 issn = {1932-6203},
 journal = {PLoS One},
 doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0066162}
}


@article{AsafA.Qureshi.2000,
 author = {{Asaf A.~Qureshi} and {Huanbiao~Mo} and {Lester~Packer} and {David M.~Peterson}},
 year = {2000},
 title = {Isolation and Identification of Novel Tocotrienols from Rice Bran  with Hypocholesterolemic, Antioxidant, and Antitumor Properties},
 pages = {3130--3140},
 volume = {48},
 journal = {J. Agric. Food Chem.},
 doi = {10.1021/jf000099t}
}


@article{Bach.2009,
 abstract = {The effect of an oxidized form of cholesterol, 3 beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al
on the thermotropic and structural properties of phospholipid membranes
was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction
and compared with that of cholesterol. The phospholipids studied
included 1palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylserine, dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylethanolamine,
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoleoylphosphatidylcholine,
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine. Depending on the constituent
phospholipids, the oxidized cholesterol is observed to shift phase
transitions, disrupt stacking, modify interbilayer spacings and promote
increased negative membrane curvature. We determined by absorption
spectroscopy that the amino group of phosphatidylserine forms a Schiff
base with the aldehyde group of the 3 beta-hydroxy-5oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al
as was previously found for the amino group of phosphatidylethanolamine.
This result strengthens the biologically significant finding that
not only amino groups of proteins but also amino groups of phospholipids
are able to form a Schiff base with oxidized cholesterol. The marked
triangular shape of the Schiff base complex with phosphatidylethanolamine
may explain how 3 beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al can promote
increased negative curvature in the hexagonal phase, as compared
to cholesterol, even though its increased polarity would favor a
location closer to the interface with water. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland
Ltd. All rights reserved.},
 author = {Bach, D. and Epand, R. F. and Epand, R. M. and Miller, I. R. and Wachtel, E.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {The oxidized form of cholesterol 3 beta-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al  induces structural and thermotropic changes in phospholipid membranes},
 keywords = {Oxidized cholesterol;Phospholipids;Schiff base;X-Ray Diffraction;Differential scanning calorimetry},
 pages = {95--102},
 volume = {161},
 number = {2},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2009.07.006}
}


@article{Barrett.2012,
 abstract = {We studied the interaction of Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) with
lipid membranes using x-ray diffraction for bilayers containing up
to 50 mol{\%} of aspirin. From 2D x-ray intensity maps that cover large
areas of reciprocal space we determined the position of the ASA molecules
in the phospholipid bilayers and the molecular arrangement of the
molecules in the plane of the membranes. We present direct experimental
evidence that ASA molecules participate in saturated lipid bilayers
of DMPC (1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and preferably
reside in the head group region of the membrane. Up to 50 mol{\%} ASA
molecules can be dissolved in this type of bilayer before the lateral
membrane organization is disturbed and the membranes are found to
form an ordered, 2D crystal-like structure. Furthermore, ASA and
cholesterol were found to co-exist in saturated lipid bilayers, with
the ASA molecules residing in the head group region and the cholesterol
molecules participating in the hydrophobic membrane core.},
 author = {Barrett, Matthew A. and Zheng, Songbo and Roshankar, Golnaz and Alsop, Richard J. and {Belanger,~Randy~K.~R.} and Huynh, Chris and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Rheinstaedter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Interaction of Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) with Lipid Membranes},
 volume = {7},
 number = {4},
 issn = {1932-6203},
 journal = {PLoS One},
 doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0034357}
}


@article{Gouliaev.1998b,
 abstract = {The liquid crystalline model biomembrane system consisting of a stack of interacting membranes is studied in the realistic soft confinement regime by the newly developed Fourier Monte Carlo simulation technique. In this regime experiment and simulations show that the functional form of the fluctuation pressure is more nearly exponential rather than the power law valid for the hard confinement regime. The simulations provide quantitative improvement over perturbation theory. It is shown that the harmonic theory that is routinely used to interpret x-ray scattering line shapes is valid. [S0031-9007(98)07148-8]},
 author = {Gouliaev, N. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Simulations of interacting membranes in the soft confinement regime},
 url = {ISI:000076073100053},
 keywords = {INTERACTING MEMBRANES;MONTE-CARLO;STACKS;X-ray scattering},
 pages = {2610--2613},
 volume = {81},
 number = {12},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}
}


@article{Boldyrev.2007,
 abstract = {Many fluorescent lipid probes tend to loop back to the membrane interface
when attached to a lipid acyl chain rather than embedding deeply
into the bilayer. To achieve maximum embedding of BODIPY (4,4-difluoro-4bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene)
fluorophore into the bilayer apolar region, a series of sn-2 acyl-labeled
phosphatidylcholines was synthesized bearing 4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl4-bora-3a,
4a-diaza-s-indacene-8-yl (Me4-BODIPY-8) at the end of C3-, C5-, C7-,
or C9-acyl. A strategy was used of symmetrically dispersing the methyl
groups at BODIPY ring positions 1, 3, 5, and 7 to decrease fluorophore
polarity. Iodide quenching of the phosphatidylcholine probes in bilayer
vesicles confirmed that the Me4-BODIPY-8 fluorophore was embedded
in the bilayer. Parallax analysis of Me4-BODIPY-8 fluorescence quenching
by phosphatidylcholines containing iodide at different positions
along the sn-2 acyl chain indicated that the penetration depth of
Me-4-BODIPY-8 into the bilayer was determined by the length of the
linking acyl chain. Evaluation using monolayers showed minimal perturbation
of < 10 mol{\%} probe in fluid-phase and cholesterol-enriched phosphatidylcholine.
Spectral characterization in monolayers and bilayers confirmed the
retention of many features of other BODIPY derivatives (i.e., absorption
and emission wavelength maxima near 498 nm and similar to 506 - 515
nm) but also showed the absence of the 620 630 nm peak associated
with BODIPY dimer fluorescence and the presence of a 570 nm emission
shoulder at high Me-4-BODIPY-8 surface concentrations. We conclude
that the new probes should have versatile utility in membrane studies,
especially when precise location of the reporter group is needed.},
 author = {Boldyrev, Ivan A. and Zhai, Xiuhong and Momsen, Maureen M. and Brockman, Howard L. and Brown, Rhoderick E. and Molotkovsky, Julian G.},
 year = {2007},
 title = {New BODIPY lipid probes for fluorescence studies of membranes},
 keywords = {spectral properties;monolayers;lipid lateral;packing;surface compressional modulus;lipid phase state;fluorophore position;fluorescence quenching;iodide;fluorophore;location in bilayers;parallax analysis;4;4-difluoro-4-bora-3a;4a-diazasindacene},
 pages = {1518--1532},
 volume = {48},
 number = {7},
 issn = {0022-2275},
 journal = {J. Lipid Res.},
 doi = {10.1194/jlr.M600459-JLR200}
}


@book{Born.1980,
 author = {Born, Max and Wolf, Emil},
 year = {1980},
 title = {Principles of optics: Electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light},
 keywords = {Optics;Electromagnetic theory;Optique;Th{\'e}orie {\'e}lectromagn{\'e}tique;Lichttheorie;Optica;Optik},
 address = {Oxford and New York},
 edition = {6th ed.},
 publisher = {Pergamon Press},
 isbn = {9780080264820}
}


@article{Bruckner.2009,
 abstract = {Cellular and organellar membranes are dynamic materials that underlie
many aspects of cell biology. Biological membranes have long been
thought of as elastic materials with respect to bending deformations.
A wealth of theory and experimentation on pure phospholipid membranes
provides abundant support for this idea. However, biological membranes
are not composed solely of phospholipids-they also incorporate a
variety of amphiphilic molecules that undergo rapid transbilayer
flip-flop. Here we describe several experimental systems that demonstrate
deformation-induced molecular flip-flop. First we use a fluorescence
assay to track osmotically controlled membrane deformation in single
component fatty acid vesicles, and show that the relaxation of the
induced bending stress is mediated by fatty acid flip-flop. We then
look at two-component phospholipid/cholesterol composite vesicles.
We use NMR to show that the steady-state rate of interleaflet diffusion
of cholesterol is fast relative to biological membrane remodeling.
We then use a Forster resonance energy transfer assay to detect the
transbilayer movement of cholesterol upon deformation. We suggest
that our results can be interpreted by modifying the area difference
elasticity model to account for the time-dependent relaxation of
bending energy. Our findings suggest that rapid interleaflet diffusion
of cholesterol may play a role in membrane remodeling in vivo. We
suggest that the molecular characteristics of sterols make them evolutionarily
preferred mediators of stress relaxation, and that the universal
presence of sterols in the membranes of eukaryotes, even at low concentrations,
reflects the importance of membrane remodeling in eukaryotic cells.},
 author = {Bruckner, R. J. and Mansy, S. S. and Ricardo, A. and Mahadevan, L. and Szostak, J. W.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Flip-Flop-Induced Relaxation of Bending Energy: Implications for  Membrane Remodeling},
 pages = {3113--3122},
 volume = {97},
 number = {12},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2009.09.025}
}


@article{Brzustowicz.1999,
 abstract = {We compared the molecular organization of equimolar [3 alpha-H-2(1)]cholesterol
in 18:0-18:1PC (1-stearoyl-2- oleoylphosphatidylcholine), 18:0-22:6PC
(1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine), 18:0-20:4PC (1-stearoyl-2-arachidonylphosphatidylcholine)
and 20:4-20:4PC (1,2-diarachidonylphosphatidylcholine) bilayers by
solid state H-2 NMR. Essentially identical quadrupolar splittings},
 author = {Brzustowicz and Stillwell, W. and Wassall},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Molecular organization of cholesterol in polyunsaturated phospholipid  membranes: a solid state H-2 NMR investigation},
 keywords = {Cholesterol;phospholipid membrane;polyunsaturated acyl chain;solid state H-2 NMR;molecular orientation;cholesterol solubility},
 pages = {197--202},
 volume = {451},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0014-5793},
 journal = {Febs Letters},
 doi = {10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00567-0}
}


@article{Brzustowicz.2005,
 author = {Brzustowicz, Michael R. and Brunger, Axel T.},
 year = {2005},
 title = {X-ray scattering from unilamellar lipid vesicles},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {126--131},
 volume = {38},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0021-8898},
 journal = {J. Appl. Crystallogr.},
 doi = {10.1107/S0021889804029206}
}


@article{Brzustowicz.2002,
 author = {Brzustowicz, Michael R. and Cherezov, Vadim and Zerouga, Mustapha and Caffrey, Martin and Stillwell, William and Wassall, Stephen R.},
 year = {2002},
 title = {Controlling Membrane Cholesterol Content. A Role for Polyunsaturated  (Docosahexaenoate) Phospholipids},
 pages = {12509--12519},
 volume = {41},
 number = {41},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi0262808}
}


@article{Buboltz.1999,
 abstract = {During the preparation of multi-component model membranes, a primary consideration is that compositional homogeneity should prevail throughout the suspension. Some conventional sample preparation methods pass the lipid mixture through an intermediary, solvent-free state. This is an ordered, solid state and may favor the demixing of membrane components. A new preparative method has been developed which is specifically designed to avoid this intermediary state. This novel strategy is called rapid solvent exchange (RSE) and entails the direct transfer of lipid mixtures between organic solvent and aqueous buffer. RSE liposomes require no more than a minute to prepare and manifest considerable entrapment volumes with a high fraction of external surface area. In phospholipid/cholesterol mixtures of high cholesterol content, suspensions prepared by more conventional methods reveal evidence of artifactual demixing, whereas samples prepared by rapid solvent exchange do not. The principles which may lead to artifactual demixing during conventional sample preparation are discussed},
 author = {Buboltz, J. T. and Feigenson, G. W.},
 year = {1999},
 title = {A novel strategy for the preparation of liposomes: rapid solvent exchange},
 keywords = {Biochemistry;Biotechnology;Buffers;Calorimetry;Differential Scanning;CELL;Centrifugation;Chemical Precipitation;chemical synthesis;chemistry;Physical;Chloroform;Cholesterol;COMPONENT;instrumentation;lipid;Liposome;liposomes;Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy;membrane;Membranes;methods;Methylene Chloride;MIXTURES;MODEL;model membrane;MODEL MEMBRANES;Pt;Research;SOLID-STATE;SOLVENT;Solvents;STATE;SURFACE;SURFACE-AREA;SUSPENSIONS;Water;X-Ray Diffraction},
 pages = {232--245},
 volume = {1417},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@article{Caille.1972,
 author = {Caill{\'e}, A.},
 year = {1972},
 title = {Remarques sur la diffusion des rayons X dans les smectiques A},
 keywords = {Diffusion},
 pages = {891--893},
 volume = {274},
 journal = {C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris B}
}


@article{Chang.1995,
 abstract = {We have recently shown (Chang et al., 1995) that lipid-channel interactions,
exemplified by the effects of cholesterol on the calcium-activated
potassium (BK) channel, profoundly affect channel properties. The
present study further explores such interactions by monitoring changes
in BK channel behavior after reconstitution into bilayers where the
size of phospholipid (PL) headgroups is increased and where the freedom
of motion (inverse order) of fatty acid chains is incremented. Increasing
the PL headgroup cross-sectional area, from that of N-meth-DOPE to
that of DOPC (an increase from ca. 60 to 70 {\"i}?`{\textonehalf}?2), is associated
with a doubling of the channel mean opentime. Channel conductance,
however, was unaffected. Increasing the order of the fatty acid chains,
from that of DOPE to POPE and to that of DEPE, had no significant
effect on channel properties (at 22{\^A}°C). We interpret the changes
reported here to reflect lipid-protein interactions through the induction
of structural stress related to the headgroup structures of phospholipids.},
 author = {Chang, H. and Reitstetter, R. and Gruener, R.},
 year = {1995},
 title = {Lipid-ion channel interactions: Increasing phospholipid headgroup  size but not ordering acyl chains alters reconstituted channel behavior},
 pages = {13--19},
 volume = {145},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0022-2631},
 journal = {J. Membr. Biol.},
 doi = {10.1007/BF00233303}
}


@article{Chen.2001,
 abstract = {The short wavelength density fluctuation of DLPC (dilaurylphosphatidylcholine) bilayers close to full hydration has been studied by the inelastic x-ray scattering technique below and above the main transition temperature. The analysis based on a generalized three effective eigenmode theory allows us to construct the dispersion relation of the high frequency sound mode for the first time. The marked softening of the excitation near k = 14 nm(-1), corresponding to the lipid chain-chain correlation peak in the structure factor, in the L(alpha) phase implies prevalent occurrences of short-wavelength in-plane motions of lipid chains that might be of importance for transportation of small molecules across membranes},
 author = {Chen, S. H. and Liao, C. Y. and Huang, H. W. and Weiss, T. M. and Bellisent-Funel, M. C. and Sette, F.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Collective dynamics in fully hydrated phospholipid bilayers studied by inelastic x-ray scattering},
 keywords = {analysis;BILAYER;BILAYERS;chemistry;DYNAMICS;EXCITATION;HYDRATION;lipid;LIPID BILAYER;Lipid Bilayers;LIPID-BILAYERS;membrane;Membranes;MODE;MOLECULES;Motion;PHASE;PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE;Phosphatidylcholines;phospholipid;Phospholipid bilayer;PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS;Phospholipids;Pt;SCATTERING;Radiation;structure;Support;U.S.Gov't;Non-P.H.S;P.H.S;Temperature;TRANSITION;X-RAY;X-ray scattering;X-RAY-SCATTERING;X-Rays},
 pages = {740--743},
 volume = {86},
 number = {4},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.}
}


@article{Bonora.2000,
 abstract = {Phthalic acid esters, and in particular bis-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate,
are common environmental contaminants with long-term toxic and carcinogenic
effects that readily dissolve in lipid substances. DSC measurements
of hydrated multilamellar dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes
in the presence of different amounts of bis-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate,
dioctyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethyl phthalate
(DEP) were considered. The effects on the main transition temperature,
DeltaH, and the shape and width of the transition were studied. A
decrease in T-m, without an accompanying decrease in DeltaH, and
increases in both the asymmetry and the width of the main transition
peak were observed. In some cases, the calorimetric curve showed
complex peak structures arising from the coexistence of various aggregates
of different sizes. This was particularly evident in the liposomes
with DEP and DBP contents ranging from 5.0 to 7.5{\%} m/m. For all
the considered model systems, the effects were noticeable even in
the presence of small amounts of phthalates; in the presence of greater
amounts, the overall structure of the bilayer was in some cases strongly
modified, with the appearance of new different phases. Since the
function of a membrane-associated protein is dependent on the lipid
structure, phthalates could modify the function by modifying the
membrane structure.},
 author = {Bonora, S. and Fini, G. and Piccirilli, B.},
 year = {2000},
 title = {DSC study on the interaction between bis-2-(ethylhexyl) phthalate  and other o-phthalic acid esters and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine  liposomes},
 keywords = {DSC;phase transition;phospholipid;phthalates;plasticizers},
 pages = {731--743},
 volume = {61},
 number = {3},
 issn = {1388-6150},
 journal = {J. Therm. Anal. Calorim.},
 doi = {10.1023/A:1010124509552}
}


@article{Zaccai.1975,
 abstract = {Lamellar neutron diffraction from oriented multilayers of hydrated
dipalmitoyl lecithin was phased by isomorphous H2O-D2O exchange and
swelling techniques. Bound water sites were located in the polar
head group region of the bilayer profile. A 6-{\~A}$\ldots$ resolution structure
based on the neutron scattering density profile is proposed for the
bilayer. It is consistent with the electron density profile from
x-ray diffraction.},
 author = {Zaccai, G. and Blasie, J. K. and Schoenborn, B. P.},
 year = {1975},
 title = {Neutron Diffraction Studies on the Location of Water in Lecithin  Bilayer Model Membranes},
 pages = {376--380},
 volume = {72},
 number = {1},
 journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.}
}


@article{GuohuaLei.2003,
 author = {{Guohua~Lei} and {Robert~C.~MacDonald}},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Lipid Bilayer Vesicle Fusion: Intermediates Captured by High-Speed  Microfluorescence Spectroscopy},
 pages = {1585--1599},
 volume = {85},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74590-1}
}


@article{Hancock.2006,
 abstract = {The hypothesis that lipid rafts exist in plasma membranes and have
crucial biological functions remains controversial. The lateral heterogeneity
of proteins in the plasma membrane is undisputed, but the contribution
of cholesterol-dependent lipid assemblies to this complex, non-random
organization promotes vigorous debate. In the light of recent studies
with model membranes, computational modelling and innovative cell
biology, I propose an updated model of lipid rafts that readily accommodates
diverse views on plasma-membrane micro-organization. [ABSTRACT FROM
AUTHOR]},
 author = {Hancock, John F.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Lipid rafts: contentious only from simplistic standpoints},
 keywords = {Lipids;CELL membranes;PROTEINS;CYTOLOGY;MEMBRANES (Biology)},
 pages = {456--462},
 volume = {7},
 number = {6},
 issn = {14710072},
 journal = {Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.}
}


@article{King.1986,
 author = {King, G. I. and White, S. H.},
 year = {1986},
 title = {Determining bilayer hydrocarbon thickness from neutron diffraction measurements using strip-function models},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {1047--1054},
 volume = {49},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Kiselev.2006,
 abstract = {Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) on the unilamellar vesicle (ULV) populations (diameter 500 and 1,000 A) in D2O was used to characterize lipid vesicles from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) at three phases: gel Lbeta', ripple Pbeta' and liquid Lalpha. Parameters of vesicle populations and internal structure of the DMPC bilayer were characterized on the basis of the separated form factor (SFF) model. Vesicle shape changes from nearly spherical in the Lalpha phase to elliptical in the Pbeta' and Lbeta' phases. This is true for vesicles prepared via extrusion through pores with the diameter 500 A. Parameters of the internal bilayer structure (thickness of the membrane and the hydrophobic core, hydration and the surface area of the lipid molecule) were determined on the basis of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic (HH) approximation of neutron scattering length density across the bilayer rhox and of the step function (SF) approximation of rhox. DMPC membrane thickness in the Lalpha phase (T = 30 degrees C) demonstrates a dependence on the membrane curvature for extruded vesicles. Prepared via extrusion through 500 A diameter pores, vesicle population in the Lalpha phase has the following characteristics: average value of minor semi-axis 266 +/- 2 A, ellipse eccentricity 1.11 +/- 0.02, polydispersity 26{\%}, thickness of the membrane 48.9 +/- 0.2 A and of the hydrophobic core 19.9 +/- 0.4 A, surface area 60.7 +/- 0.5 A2 and number of water molecules 12.8 +/- 0.3 per DMPC molecule. Vesicles prepared via extrusion through pores with the diameter 1,000 A have polydispersity of 48{\%} and membrane thickness of 45.5 +/- 0.6 A in the Lalpha phase. SF approximation was used to describe the DMPC membrane structure in Lbeta' (T = 10 degrees C) and Pbeta' (T = 20 degrees C) phases. Extruded DMPC vesicles in D2O have membrane thickness of 49.6 +/- 0.5 A in the Lbeta' phase and 48.3 +/- 0.6 A in the Pbeta' phase. The dependence of the DMPC membrane thickness on temperature was restored from the SANS experiment.},
 author = {Kiselev, M. A. and Zemlyanaya, E. V. and Aswal, V. K. and {Neubert,~R~H~H}},
 year = {2006},
 title = {What can we learn about the lipid vesicle structure from the small-angle neutron scattering experiment?},
 url = {16614864},
 keywords = {Models, Theoretical;Neutron Diffraction/methods;Scattering, Small Angle},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {477--493},
 volume = {35},
 number = {6},
 issn = {0175-7571},
 journal = {Eur. Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1007/s00249-006-0055-9}
}


@incollection{Klein.2002,
 author = {Klein, R.},
 title = {Interacting colloidal suspensions},
 pages = {351--379},
 publisher = {North-Holland},
 editor = {Lindner, P. and Zemb, T.},
 booktitle = {Neutron, x-rays and light},
 year = {2002},
 address = {Amsterdam}
}


@article{Kollmitzer.2015,
 abstract = {Biophysj, 108 (2015) 2833-2842. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.003},
 author = {Kollmitzer, Benjamin and Heftberger, Peter and Podgornik, Rudolf and Nagle, John F. and Pabst, Georg},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Bending Rigidities and Interdomain Forces in Membranes with Coexisting Lipid Domains},
 keywords = {bending rigidity;dispersion forces;Van der Waals interaction energy;thermal fluctuation;undulation;lipid domain},
 urldate = {17.06.2015},
 pages = {2833--2842},
 volume = {108},
 number = {12},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2015.05.003}
}


@article{Kollmitzer.2013,
 abstract = {Monolayer spontaneous curvatures for cholesterol, DOPE, POPE, DOPC, DPPC, DSPC, POPC, SOPC, and egg sphingomyelin were obtained using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on inverted hexagonal phases (HII). Spontaneous curvatures of bilayer forming lipids were estimated by adding controlled amounts to a HII forming template following previously established protocols. Spontaneous curvatures of both phosphatidylethanolamines and cholesterol were found to be at least a factor of two more negative than those of phosphatidylcholines, whose J 0 values are closer to zero. Interestingly, a significant positive J 0 value was retrieved for DPPC. We further determined the temperature dependence of the spontaneous curvatures J 0(T) in the range from 15 to 55 °C, resulting in a quite narrow distribution of -1 to -3 $\times$ 10(-3) (nm °C)(-1) for most investigated lipids. The data allowed us to estimate the monolayer spontaneous curvatures of ternary lipid mixtures showing liquid ordered/liquid disordered phase coexistence. We report spontaneous curvature phase diagrams for DSPC/DOPC/Chol, DPPC/DOPC/Chol and SM/POPC/Chol and discuss effects on protein insertion and line tension.},
 author = {Kollmitzer, Benjamin and Heftberger, Peter and Rappolt, Michael and Pabst, Georg},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Monolayer spontaneous curvature of raft-forming membrane lipids},
 url = {24672578},
 urldate = {3/11/2015},
 pages = {10877--10884},
 volume = {9},
 number = {45},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {Soft Matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c3sm51829a}
}


@article{Kraft.2013,
 abstract = {{\dq}Lipid raft{\dq} is the name given to the tiny, dynamic, and ordered domains of cholesterol and sphingolipids that are hypothesized to exist in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells. According to the lipid raft hypothesis, these cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains modulate the protein-protein interactions that are essential for cellular function. Indeed, many studies have shown that cellular levels of cholesterol and sphingolipids influence plasma membrane organization, cell signaling, and other important biological processes. Despite 15 years of research and the application of highly advanced imaging techniques, data that unambiguously demonstrate the existence of lipid rafts in mammalian cells are still lacking. This Perspective summarizes the results that challenge the lipid raft hypothesis and discusses alternative hypothetical models of plasma membrane organization and lipid-mediated cellular function},
 author = {Kraft, M. L.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Plasma membrane organization and function: moving past lipid rafts},
 keywords = {CELL;CELLS;Cholesterol;DOMAIN;DOMAINS;function;interaction;lipid;LIPID RAFTS;MAMMALIAN-CELLS;membrane;Membranes;MODEL;ORGANIZATION;Plasma membrane;PLASMA-MEMBRANE;Pt;RAFTS;Research;SPHINGOLIPIDS},
 pages = {2765--2768},
 volume = {24},
 number = {18},
 journal = {Mol. Biol. Cell}
}


@article{Kucerka.2005,
 abstract = {Quantitative structures of the fully hydrated fluid phases of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
( DMPC) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine ( DLPC) were obtained at
30 degrees C. Data for the relative form factors F(q(z)) for DMPC
were obtained using a combination of four methods. 1), Volumetric
data provided F(0). 2), Diffuse x-ray scattering from oriented stacks
of bilayers provided relative form factors vertical bar F(q(z))vertical
bar for high q(z), 0.22 < q(z) < 0.8 angstrom(-1). 3), X-ray scattering
from extruded unilamellar vesicles with diameter 600 angstrom provided
vertical bar F(p(z))vertical bar for low q(z), 0.1 < q(z) < 0.3 angstrom(-1).
4), Previous measurements using a liquid crystallographic x-ray method},
 author = {Ku\v{c}erka, N. and Liu, Y. F. and Chu, N. J. and Petrache, H. I. and Tristram-Nagle, S. T. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {2005},
 title = {Structure of fully hydrated fluid phase DMPC and DLPC lipid bilayers  using X-ray scattering from oriented multilamellar arrays and from  unilamellar vesicles},
 pages = {2626--2637},
 volume = {88},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.104.056606}
}


@article{Kucerka.2008,
 abstract = {Quantitative structures were obtained for the fully hydrated fluid phases of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers by simultaneously analyzing x-ray and neutron scattering data. The neutron data for DOPC included two solvent contrasts, 50{\%} and 100{\%} D(2)O. For DPPC, additional contrast data were obtained with deuterated analogs DPPC{\_}d62, DPPC{\_}d13, and DPPC{\_}d9. For the analysis, we developed a model that is based on volume probability distributions and their spatial conservation. The model's design was guided and tested by a DOPC molecular dynamics simulation. The model consistently captures the salient features found in both electron and neutron scattering density profiles. A key result of the analysis is the molecular surface area, A. For DPPC at 50 degrees C A = 63.0 A(2), whereas for DOPC at 30 degrees C A = 67.4 A(2), with estimated uncertainties of 1 A(2). Although A for DPPC agrees with a recently reported value obtained solely from the analysis of x-ray scattering data, A for DOPC is almost 10{\%} smaller. This improved method for determining lipid areas helps to reconcile long-standing differences in the values of lipid areas obtained from stand-alone x-ray and neutron scattering experiments and poses new challenges for molecular dynamics simulations},
 author = {Ku\v{c}erka, N. and Nagle, J. F. and Sachs, J. N. and Feller, S. E. and Pencer, J. and Jackson, A. and Katsaras, J.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Lipid bilayer structure determined by the simultaneous analysis of neutron and X-ray scattering data},
 keywords = {Models;Molecular;MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS;neutron diffraction;NEUTRON-SCATTERING;PHASE;SIMULATION;X-RAY-SCATTERING},
 pages = {2356--2367},
 volume = {95},
 number = {5},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Kucerka.2006,
 abstract = {X-ray data are presented for the benchmark dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
lipid bilayer in the most biologically relevant state in which the
bilayers are fully hydrated and in the fluid (liquid-crystalline)
phase. Form factors F(q(z)) are obtained from a combination of two
sample preparations, oriented stacks of bilayers for qz extending
to 0.85 angstrom(-1) and unilamellar vesicles for smaller qz. Modeling
obtains the electron density pro. le and values for the area per
molecule, for the locations of the component groups, and for the
different types of thicknesses of the bilayer, such as the hydrocarbon
thickness and the steric thickness.},
 author = {Ku\v{c}erka, N. and Tristram-Nagle, S. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Closer look at structure of fully hydrated fluid phase DPPC bilayers},
 pages = {L83-L85},
 volume = {90},
 number = {11},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1529/biophysj.106.086017}
}


@article{Kucerka.2009,
 abstract = {We have studied the structural properties of monounsaturated diacylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers (i.e., diCn:1PC, where n = 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, and 24 is the number of acyl chain carbons). High-resolution x-ray scattering data were analyzed in conjunction with contrast-varied neutron scattering data using a technique we recently developed. Analyses of the data show that the manner by which bilayer thickness increases with increasing n in monounsaturated diacylphosphatidylcholines is dependent on the double bond's position. For commonly available monounsaturated diacylphosphatidylcholines, this results in the nonlinear behavior of both bilayer thickness and lipid area, whereas for diC18:1PC bilayers, lipid area assumes a maximum value. It is worthwhile to note that compared to previous data, our results indicate that lipid areas are smaller by approximately 10{\%}. This observation highlights the need to revisit lipid areas, as they are often used in comparisons with molecular dynamics simulations. Moreover, simulators are encouraged to compare their results not only to x-ray scattering data, but to neutron data as well.},
 author = {Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert and Gallov{\'a}, Jana and Uhr{\'i}kov{\'a}, Daniela and Balgav{\'y}, Pavol and Bulacu, Monica and Marrink, Siewert-Jan and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Areas of monounsaturated diacylphosphatidylcholines},
 url = {19804723},
 keywords = {Cell Membrane/chemistry;Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions;Lipid Bilayers/chemistry;molecular dynamics simulation;neutron diffraction;Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry;Scattering, Small Angle;Surface Properties;Water/chemistry;X-Ray Diffraction},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {1926--1932},
 volume = {97},
 number = {7},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2009.06.050}
}


@article{Kucerka.2011,
 abstract = {The structural parameters of fluid phase bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholines with fully saturated, mixed, and branched fatty acid chains, at several temperatures, have been determined by simultaneously analyzing small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data. Bilayer parameters, such as area per lipid and overall bilayer thickness have been obtained in conjunction with intrabilayer structural parameters (e.g. hydrocarbon region thickness). The results have allowed us to assess the effect of temperature and hydrocarbon chain composition on bilayer structure. For example, we found that for all lipids there is, not surprisingly, an increase in fatty acid chain trans-gauche isomerization with increasing temperature. Moreover, this increase in trans-gauche isomerization scales with fatty acid chain length in mixed chain lipids. However, in the case of lipids with saturated fatty acid chains, trans-gauche isomerization is increasingly tempered by attractive chain-chain van der Waals interactions with increasing chain length. Finally, our results confirm a strong dependence of lipid chain dynamics as a function of double bond position along fatty acid chains},
 author = {Ku{\v{c}}erka, N. and Nieh, M. P. and Katsaras, J.},
 year = {2011},
 title = {Fluid phase lipid areas and bilayer thicknesses of commonly used phosphatidylcholines as a function of temperature},
 keywords = {TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE;BILAYER STRUCTURE},
 pages = {2761--2771},
 volume = {1808},
 number = {11},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@article{Kucerka.2004,
 author = {Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nagle, John F. and Feller, Scott E. and Balgav{\'y}, Pavol},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Models to analyze small-angle neutron scattering from unilamellar lipid vesicles},
 keywords = {NEUTRON-SCATTERING;Models},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {051903},
 volume = {69},
 number = {5},
 issn = {1539-3755},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.69.051903}
}


@article{Kucerka.2009b,
 abstract = {Membrane thickness is thought to play a key role in protein function.
Thus understanding the cell's ability to modulate the thickness of
its membranes is essential in elucidating the structure/function
relationship in biological membranes. We have investigated the influence
of cholesterol on the structure of ``thin'' (diC14:1PC) and ``thick''
(diC22:1PC) phospholipid bilayers using oriented multibilayers and
small angle neutron diffraction. Neutron contrast variation was used
to determine the structure factors and the distribution of water
across the bilayers. We found that in response to cholesterol, bilayer
thickness changed in a similar fashion in both systems. The thickening
of bilayers was rationalized in terms of cholesterol's ordering effect
on the lipid's acyl chains, which dominates over the other option
of rectifying the hydrophobic mismatch, surprisingly even in the
case of diC22:1PC and cholesterol.},
 author = {Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nieh, Mu-Ping and Pencer, Jeremy and Sachs, Jonathan N. and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2009},
 title = {What determines the thickness of a biological membrane},
 keywords = {Phospholipid bilayer;Cholesterol;Bilayer thickness;neutron diffraction;Contrast variation},
 pages = {117--125},
 volume = {28},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0231-5882},
 journal = {	Gen. Physiol. Biophys.},
 doi = {10.4149/gpb\\textunderscore 2009\\textunderscore 02\\textunderscore 117}
}


@article{Kucerka.2015,
 abstract = {Following our previous efforts in determining the structures of commonly used PC, PG, and PS bilayers, we continue our studies of fully hydrated, fluid phase PE bilayers. The newly designed parsing scheme for PE bilayers was based on extensive MD simulations, and is utilized in the SDP analysis of both X-ray and neutron (contrast varied) scattering measurements. Obtained experimental scattering form factors are directly compared to our simulation results, and can serve as a benchmark for future developed force fields. Among the evaluated structural parameters, namely, area per lipid A, overall bilayer thickness DB, and hydrocarbon region thickness 2DC, the PE bilayer response to changing temperature is similar to previously studied bilayers with different headgroups. On the other hand, the reduced hydration of PE headgroups, as well as the strong hydrogen bonding between PE headgroups, dramatically affects lateral packing within the bilayer. Despite sharing the same glycerol backbone, a markedly smaller area per lipid distinguishes PE from other bilayers (i.e., PC, PG, and PS) studied to date. Overall, our data are consistent with the notion that lipid headgroups govern bilayer packing, while hydrocarbon chains dominate the bilayer's response to temperature changes.},
 author = {Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and {van~Oosten}, Brad and Pan, Jianjun and Heberle, Frederick A. and Harroun, Thad A. and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Molecular structures of fluid phosphatidylethanolamine bilayers obtained from simulation-to-experiment comparisons and experimental scattering density profiles},
 url = {25436970},
 keywords = {Membrane structure;PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE},
 urldate = {25.06.2015},
 pages = {1947--1956},
 volume = {119},
 number = {5},
 issn = {1520-6106},
 journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B},
 doi = {10.1021/jp511159q}
}


@article{Kusumi.2012,
 abstract = {The recent rapid accumulation of knowledge on the dynamics and structure of the plasma membrane has prompted major modifications of the textbook fluid-mosaic model. However, because the new data have been obtained in a variety of research contexts using various biological paradigms, the impact of the critical conceptual modifications on biomedical research and development has been limited. In this review, we try to synthesize our current biological, chemical, and physical knowledge about the plasma membrane to provide new fundamental organizing principles of this structure that underlie every molecular mechanism that realizes its functions. Special attention is paid to signal transduction function and the dynamic aspect of the organizing principles. We propose that the cooperative action of the hierarchical three-tiered mesoscale (2-300 nm) domains--actin-membrane-skeleton induced compartments (40-300 nm), raft domains (2-20 nm), and dynamic protein complex domains (3-10 nm)--is critical for membrane function and distinguishes the plasma membrane from a classical Singer-Nicolson-type model.},
 author = {Kusumi, Akihiro and Fujiwara, Takahiro K. and Chadda, Rahul and Xie, Min and Tsunoyama, Taka A. and Kalay, Ziya and Kasai, Rinshi S. and Suzuki,~Kenichi~G~N},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Dynamic organizing principles of the plasma membrane that regulate signal transduction: commemorating the fortieth anniversary of Singer and Nicolson's fluid-mosaic model},
 url = {22905956},
 keywords = {single-molecule imaging;mesoscale-domain architecture;molecular diffusion;collision;actin-based membrane skeleton;picket-fence model;Animals;Cell Membrane/metabolism/physiology/ultrastructure;Cell Membrane Permeability;Cytoskeleton/metabolism/ultrastructure;Humans;Membrane Microdomains/metabolism/physiology;Membrane Proteins/metabolism/physiology;Models;Biological;Protein Structure;Quaternary;Signal Transduction},
 urldate = {08.06.2015},
 pages = {215--250},
 volume = {28},
 issn = {1530-8995},
 journal = {Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.},
 doi = {10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100809-151736}
}


@article{Kuzmin.2005,
 abstract = {Membrane domains known as rafts are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, and are thought to be thicker than the surrounding membrane. If so, monolayers should elastically deform so as to avoid exposure of hydrophobic surfaces to water at the raft boundary. We calculated the energy of splay and tilt deformations necessary to avoid such hydrophobic exposure. The derived value of energy per unit length, the line tension gamma, depends on the elastic moduli of the raft and the surrounding membrane; it increases quadratically with the initial difference in thickness between the raft and surround; and it is reduced by differences, either positive or negative, in spontaneous curvature between the two. For zero spontaneous curvature, gamma is approximately 1 pN for a monolayer height mismatch of approximately 0.3 nm, in agreement with experimental measurement. Our model reveals conditions that could prevent rafts from forming, and a mechanism that can cause rafts to remain small. Prevention of raft formation is based on our finding that the calculated line tension is negative if the difference in spontaneous curvature for a raft and the surround is sufficiently large: rafts cannot form if gamma < 0 unless molecular interactions (ignored in the model) are strong enough to make the total line tension positive. Control of size is based on our finding that the height profile from raft to surround does not decrease monotonically, but rather exhibits a damped, oscillatory behavior. As an important consequence, the calculated energy of interaction between rafts also oscillates as it decreases with distance of separation, creating energy barriers between closely apposed rafts. The height of the primary barrier is a complex function of the spontaneous curvatures of the raft and the surround. This barrier can kinetically stabilize the rafts against merger. Our physical theory thus quantifies conditions that allow rafts to form, and further, defines the parameters that control raft merger},
 author = {Kuzmin, P. I. and Akimov, S. A. and Chizmadzhev, Y. A. and Zimmerberg, J. and Cohen, F. S.},
 year = {2005},
 title = {Line tension and interaction energies of membrane rafts calculated from lipid splay and tilt},
  pages = {1120--1133},
 volume = {88},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Kyrikou.2004,
 abstract = {lt has been shown that the partitioning of vinblastine in 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine
(DPPC) single and multiple bilayer dispersions induces partial interdigitation
of the lipid alkyl chains. Similar behavior has been observed for
abietic and ursodeoxycholic acids and may well be generalized for
the partitioning of bulky amphoteric molecules, which tend to localize
in the vicinity of the polar heads. For the present study, differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been employed to investigate the role
of lipid molecular characteristics such as the alkyl chain length
and the polarity of the head-group, as well as the impact of cholesterol
upon vinblastine-induced interdigitation. It is found that vinblastine
does not induce interdigitation in lipids with either shorter or
longer alkyl chains than DPPC, or having head-groups of different
polarity. In addition, it is shown that the presence of cholesterol
in the lipid bilayer tends to modulate the phase behavior of the
lipid/vinblastine bilayer system. Preliminary studies show that such
properties directly affect the encapsulation efficiency and the pharmacokinetics
of liposomes. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
 author = {Kyrikou, I. and Daliani, I. and Mavromoustakos, T. and Maswadeh, H. and Demetzos, C. and Hatziantoniou, S. and Giatrellis, S. and Nounesis, G.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {The modulation of thermal properties of vinblastine by cholesterol  in membrane bilayers},
 keywords = {DPPC;interdigitation;lipid/vinblastine bilayer system},
 pages = {1--8},
 volume = {1661},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.11.021}
}


@book{L.Finegold.1993,
 author = {{L.~Finegold}},
 year = {1993},
 title = {Cholesterol in Membrane Models},
 address = {Boca Raton, FL},
 publisher = {CRC Press}
}


@article{LANGE.1983,
 author = {LANGE, Y. and RAMOS, B. V.},
 year = {1983},
 title = {ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE INTACT CELL},
 pages = {5130--5134},
 volume = {258},
 number = {24},
 issn = {0021-9258},
 journal = {J. Biol. Chem.}
}


@article{Kessel.2001,
 abstract = {The free energy difference associated with the transfer of a single
cholesterol molecule from the aqueous phase into a lipid bilayer
depends on its final location, namely on its insertion depth and
orientation within the bilayer. We calculated desolvation and lipid
bilayer perturbation contributions to the water-to-membrane transfer
free energy, thus allowing us to determine the most favorable location
of cholesterol in the membrane and the extent of fluctuations around
it. The electrostatic and nonpolar contributions to the solvation
free energy were calculated using continuum solvent models. Lipid
layer perturbations, resulting from both conformational restrictions
of the lipid chains in the vicinity of the (rigid) cholesterol backbone
and from cholesterol-induced elastic deformations, were calculated
using a simple director model and elasticity theory, respectively.
As expected from the amphipathic nature of cholesterol and in agreement
with the available experimental data, our results show that at the
energetically favorable state, cholesterol's hydrophobic core is
buried within the hydrocarbon region of the bilayer. At this state,
cholesterol spans approximately one leaflet of the membrane, with
its OH group protruding into the polar (headgroup) region of the
bilayer, thus avoiding an electrostatic desolvation penalty. We found
that the transfer of cholesterol into a membrane is mainly driven
by the favorable nonpolar contributions to the solvation free energy,
whereas only a small opposing contribution is caused by conformational
restrictions of the lipid chains. Our calculations also predict a
strong tendency of the lipid layer to elastically respond to (thermally
excited) vertical fluctuations of cholesterol so as to fully match
the hydrophobic height of the solute. However, orientational fluctuations
of cholesterol were found to be accompanied by both an elastic adjustment
of the surrounding lipids and by a partial exposure of the hydrophobic
cholesterol backbone to the polar (headgroup) environment. Our calculations
of the molecular order parameter, which reflects the extent of orientational
fluctuations of cholesterol in the membrane, are in good agreement
with available experimental data.},
 author = {Kessel, A. and Ben-Tal, N. and May, S.},
 year = {2001},
 title = {Interactions of cholesterol with lipid bilayers: The preferred configuration  and fluctuations},
 pages = {643--658},
 volume = {81},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{Kagan.1992,
 abstract = {Oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins (LDL) and their
unrestricted scavenger receptor-dependent uptake is believed to account
for cholesterol deposition in macrophage-derived foam cells. It has
been suggested that vitamin E that is transported by LDL plays a
critical role in protecting against LDL oxidation. We hypothesize
that the maintenance of sufficiently high vitamin E concentrations
in LDL can be achieved by reducing its chromanoxyl radicals, i.e.,
by vitamin E recycling. In this study we demonstrate that: i) chromanoxyl
radicals of endogenous vitamin E and of exogenously added alpha-tocotrienol,
alpha-tocopherol or its synthetic homologue with a 6-carbon side-chain,
chromanol-alpha-C6, can be directly generated in human LDL by ultraviolet
(UV) light, or by interaction with peroxyl radicals produced either
by an enzymic oxidation system (lipoxygenase + linolenic acid) or
by an azo-initiator, 2,2'-azo-bis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN);
ii) ascorbate can recycle endogenous vitamin E and exogenously added
chromanols by direct reduction of chromanoxyl radicals in LDL; iii)
dihydrolipoic acid is not efficient in direct reduction of chromanoxyl
radicals but recycles vitamin E by synergistically interacting with
ascorbate (reduces dehydroascorbate thus maintaining the steady-state
concentration of ascorbate); and iv) beta-carotene is not active
in vitamin E recycling but may itself be protected against oxidative
destruction by the reductants of chromanoxyl radicals. We suggest
that the recycling of vitamin E and other phenolic antioxidants by
plasma reductants may be an important mechanism for the enhanced
antioxidant protection of LDL.},
 author = {Kagan, V. E. and Serbinova, E. A. and Forte, T. and Scita, G. and Packer, L.},
 year = {1992},
 title = {Recycling Of Vitamin-e In Human Low-density Lipoproteins},
 keywords = {TOCOPHEROL;TOCOTRIENOL;CHROMANOXYL RADICAL;LIPOXYGENASE;UV IRRADIATION;ASCORBATE;DIHYDROLIPOIC ACID;BETA-CAROTENE},
 pages = {385--397},
 volume = {33},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0022-2275},
 journal = {J. Lipid Res.}
}


@article{JuyangHuang.1999,
 author = {{Juyang~Huang} and {Jeffrey~T.~Buboltz} and {Gerald~W.~Feigenson}},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Maximum solubility of cholesterol in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine  bilayers},
 keywords = {Liposome preparation},
 pages = {89--100},
 volume = {1417},
 number = {1},
 issn = {0005-2736},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.},
 doi = {10.1016/S0005-2736(98)00260-0}
}


@book{JorgFitter.2006,
 year = {2006},
 title = {Neutron Scattering in Biology Techniques and Applications},
 publisher = {Springer},
 editor = {{Jörg~Fitter} and {Thomas~Gutberlet} and {John~Katsaras}}
}


@article{Harroun.2008,
 author = {Harroun, Thad A. and Katsaras, John and Wassall, Stephen R.},
 year = {2008},
 title = {Cholesterol Is Found To Reside in the Center of a Polyunsaturated  Lipid Membrane},
 pages = {7090--7096},
 volume = {47},
 number = {27},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi800123b}
}


@article{Harroun.2009,
 abstract = {Membranes that surround cells and separate their contents from the
external environment are ubiquitous in biological systems. These
membranes are organized assemblies consisting mainly of lipids and
proteins, and are highly selective permeability barriers which control
the flow of information between cells and their environment. It is
accepted that the lipid bilayer is the underlying structure of most,
if not all, biomembranes. As such, over the years scientists have
exerted much effort in studying lipid bilayers and their biological
relevance in hopes of understanding the functional mechanisms taking
place at membrane interfaces. Neutron and X-ray scattering techniques
are powerful tools for the characterization of the structure and
dynamics of biomimetic systems as they provide unique access to microscopic
structure and dynamics at length scales ranging from microns to intermolecular
and/or atomic distances. The optimization of instruments and preparation
techniques, as well as the new possibilities offered by protein deuteration,
have opened up new avenues for the study of lipid/protein interactions
that were not previously possible. One can now look at the insertion
of biomolecules into membranes and accurately determine the structure
as well as the dynamics of the interaction. To illustrate the usefulness
of diffraction and scattering techniques with regard to biologically
relevant systems, we review some of the leading edge studies that
have taken place over the last couple of years in which these scattering
techniques have played a central role.},
 author = {Harroun, Thad A. and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nieh, Mu-Ping and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Neutron and X-ray scattering for biophysics and biotechnology: examples  of self-assembled lipid systems},
 pages = {2694--2703},
 volume = {5},
 number = {14},
 issn = {1744-683X},
 journal = {Soft Matter},
 doi = {10.1039/b819799g}
}


@article{Heberle.2012,
 author = {Heberle, F. A. and Pan, Jianjun and Standaert, Robert F. and Drazba, Paul and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Katsaras, J.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Model-based approaches for the determination of lipid bilayer structure  from small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data},
 pages = {1--16},
 volume = {41},
 journal = {Eur. Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1007/s00249-012-0817-5}
}


@incollection{Heberle.2014,
 author = {Heberle, F. A. and Petruzielo, R. S. and Goh, Shih Lin and {-hina~T.~M.} and Ackermann, D. G. and {Amazon~J.~J.,~Feigenson~G.W.}},
 title = {Liposome-Based Models for Membrane Rafts},
 urldate = {08.06.2015},
 pages = {143--165},
 publisher = {CRC Press},
 editor = {Pabst, Georg and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Nieh, Mu-Ping and Katsaras, John},
 booktitle = {Liposomes, Lipid Bilayers and Model Membranes},
 year = {2014},
 address = {Boca Raton, FL}
}


@article{Heberle.2013b,
 author = {Heberle, Frederick A. and Doktorova, Milka and Goh, Shih Lin and Standaert, Robert F. and Katsaras, John and Feigenson, Gerald W.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Hybrid and Nonhybrid Lipids Exert Common Effects on Membrane Raft  Size and Morphology},
 pages = {14932-14935},
 volume = {135},
 number = {40},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja407624c}
}


@article{Heberle.2011,
 author = {Heberle, Frederick A. and Feigenson, Gerald W.},
 year = {2011},
 title = {Phase Separation in Lipid Membranes},
 volume = {3},
 number = {4},
 issn = {1943-0264},
 journal = {Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol.},
 doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a004630}
}


@article{Heberle.2013,
 author = {Heberle, Frederick A. and Petruzielo, Robin S. and Pan, Jianjun and Drazba, Paul and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Standaert, Robert F. and Feigenson, Gerald W. and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Bilayer Thickness Mismatch Controls Domain Size in Model Membranes},
 pages = {6853--6859},
 volume = {135},
 number = {18},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja3113615}
}

@article{Heberle.2010,
 author = {Heberle, Frederick A. and Wu, Jing and Goh, Shih Lin and Petruzielo, Robin S. and Feigenson, Gerald W.},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Comparison of Three Ternary Lipid Bilayer Mixtures: FRET and ESR Reveal Nanodomains},
 pages = {3309--3318},
 volume = {99},
 number = {10},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2010.09.064}


@phdthesis{Heftberger.2015,
 abstract = {SUBJECT},
 author = {Heftberger, Peter},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Structure and elasticity of fluid membrane domains},
 address = {Graz},
 urldate = {20.04.2015},
 school = {Graz University of Technology, Austria}
}


@article{Heftberger.2014,
 abstract = {The highly successful scattering density profile (SDP) model, used to jointly analyze small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering data from unilamellar vesicles, has been adapted for use with data from fully hydrated, liquid crystalline multilamellar vesicles (MLVs). Using a genetic algorithm, this new method is capable of providing high-resolution structural information, as well as determining bilayer elastic bending fluctuations from standalone X-ray data. Structural parameters such as bilayer thickness and area per lipid were determined for a series of saturated and unsaturated lipids, as well as binary mixtures with cholesterol. The results are in good agreement with previously reported SDP data, which used both neutron and X-ray data. The inclusion of deuterated and non-deuterated MLV neutron data in the analysis improved the lipid backbone information but did not improve, within experimental error, the structural data regarding bilayer thickness and area per lipid.},
 author = {Heftberger, Peter and Kollmitzer, Benjamin and Heberle, Frederick A. and Pan, Jianjun and Rappolt, Michael and Amenitsch, Heinz and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Katsaras, John and Pabst, Georg},
 year = {2014},
 title = {Global small-angle X-ray scattering data analysis for multilamellar vesicles: the evolution of the scattering density profile model},
 url = {24587787},
 urldate = {3/11/2015},
 pages = {173--180},
 volume = {47},
 number = {Pt 1},
 journal = {J. Appl. Crystallogr.},
 doi = {10.1107/S1600576713029798}
}


@article{HABERLAN.ME.1973,
 author = {HABERLAN.ME and REYNOLDS, J. A.},
 year = {1973},
 title = {SELF-ASSOCIATION OF CHOLESTEROL IN AQUEOUS-SOLUTION},
 pages = {2313--2316},
 volume = {70},
 number = {8},
 issn = {0027-8424},
 journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.},
 doi = {10.1073/pnas.70.8.2313}
}


@article{Heftberger.2015b,
 abstract = {Biophysical understanding of membrane domains requires accurate knowledge of their structural details and elasticity. We report on a global small angle x-ray scattering data analysis technique for coexisting liquid-ordered (Lo) and liquid-disordered (Ld) domains in fully hydrated multilamellar vesicles. This enabled their detailed analysis for differences in membrane thickness, area per lipid, hydrocarbon chain length, and bending fluctuation as demonstrated for two ternary mixtures (DOPC/DSPC/CHOL and DOPC/DPPC/CHOL) at different cholesterol concentrations. Lo domains were found to be $\sim$10~{\AA} thicker, and laterally up to 20~{\AA}(2)/lipid more condensed than Ld domains. Their bending fluctuations were also reduced by $\sim$65{\%}. Increase of cholesterol concentration caused significant changes in structural properties of Ld, while its influence on Lo properties was marginal. We further observed that temperature-induced melting of Lo domains is associated with a diffusion of cholesterol to Ld domains and controlled by Lo/Ld thickness differences.},
 author = {Heftberger, Peter and Kollmitzer, Benjamin and Rieder, Alexander A. and Amenitsch, Heinz and Pabst, Georg},
 year = {2015},
 title = {In situ determination of structure and fluctuations of coexisting fluid membrane domains},
 url = {25692590},
 urldate = {3/11/2015},
 pages = {854--862},
 volume = {108},
 number = {4},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2014.11.3488}
}


@article{Hsueh.2010,
 abstract = {We study the effect of ergosterol on the physical properties of 1-[H-2(31)]palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine
(POPE) multibilayers using deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance.
NMR spectra were taken as a function of temperature and ergosterol
concentration up to 70 mol {\%}. The spectral first moments show that
there is a dramatic difference in the ability of ergosterol to disorder
the gel phase and to order the liquid-crystalline phase of POPE membranes,
an unusual behavior among lipid/sterol systems studied up to now.
Further investigation of the liquid-crystalline phase shows that
ergosterol (erg) increases the chain order of POPE-d31, but that
this effect saturates at 10 mol {\%} ergosterol. This is in marked
contrast to the effect of cholesterol (chol) on POPE membranes: the
chain order of POPE increases with cholesterol to at least 45 mol
{\%}. Moreover, we found that at higher ergosterol concentrations (>40
mol {\%}) ergosterol decreases the POPE-d31 chain order, which, to
our knowledge, has not been directly observed in other lipid/sterol
systems. The temperature-composition phase diagram is presented.
Finally, at all ergosterol concentrations, the chain order of liquid-crystalline-phase
POPE is much smaller than that of comparable POPE/chol membranes.
This implies that there is no liquid-ordered phase behavior for POPE/erg
membranes.},
 author = {Hsueh, Ya-Wei and Weng, Chi-Jung and Chen, Mei-Ting and Thewalt, Jenifer and Zuckermann, Martin},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Deuterium NMR Study of the Effect of Ergosterol on POPE Membranes},
 pages = {1209--1217},
 volume = {98},
 number = {7},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.4279}
}


@article{Huster.1998,
 abstract = {We investigated lateral lipid organization in membranes with a lipid
composition relevant to neural and retinal membranes [phosphatidylcholine
(PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)/phosphatidylserine (PS)/cholesterol,
4/4/1/1, mol/mol/mol/mol]. The mixed-chain phospholipids contained
saturated stearic acid (18:0) in the sn-1 position and the monounsaturated
oleic acid (18:1) or polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)
in sn-2. Lateral lipid organization was evaluated by 2H NMR order
parameter measurements on stearic acid of all individual types of
phospholipids in the mixture and, through a novel approach, two-dimensional
NOESY 1H NMR spectroscopy with magic angle spinning (MAS). The docosahexaenoic
acid chain order was evaluated from 1H NMR chain signal MAS-sideband
intensities. Averaged over all lipids, the cholesterol-induced increase
in sn-1 chain order is 2-fold larger in monounsaturated than in polyunsaturated
lipids, and the order of both saturated and polyunsaturated hydrocarbon
chains increases. Addition of cholesterol increases lipid order in
the sequence 18:0-18:1 PE > 18:0-18:1 PC > 18:0-18:1 PS for the monounsaturated
and 18:0-22:6 PC {\^a}‰{\flqq} 18:0-22:6 PE > 18:0-22:6 PS for polyunsaturated
mixtures. The variation of order parameters between lipid species
suggests that cholesterol induces the formation of lipid microdomains
with a headgroup and chain unsaturation-dependent lipid composition.
The preferential interaction between cholesterol and polyunsaturated
18:0-22:6 PC, followed by 18:0-22:6 PE and 18:0-22:6 PS, was confirmed
by 1H MAS NOESY cross-relaxation rate differences. Furthermore, cholesterol
preferentially associates with saturated chains in mixed-chain lipids
reflected by higher saturated chain-to-cholesterol cross-relaxation
rates. We propose that cholesterol forms PC-enriched microdomains
in the polyunsaturated 18:0-22:6 PC/18:0-22:6 PE/18:0-22:6 PS/cholesterol
membranes in which the saturated sn-1 chains are preferentially oriented
toward the cholesterol molecules.},
 author = {Huster, Daniel and Arnold, Klaus and Gawrisch, Klaus},
 year = {1998},
 title = {Influence of Docosahexaenoic Acid and Cholesterol on Lateral Lipid  Organization in Phospholipid Mixtures{\^a}{\text\euro}},
 pages = {17299--17308},
 volume = {37},
 number = {49},
 issn = {0006-2960},
 journal = {Biochemistry},
 doi = {10.1021/bi980078g}
}


@article{IPSEN.1987,
 author = {IPSEN, J. H. and KARLSTROM, G. and MOURITSEN, O. G. and WENNERSTROM, H. and ZUCKERMANN, M. J.},
 year = {1987},
 title = {Phase equilibria in phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol system},
 pages = {162--172},
 volume = {905},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta}
}


@book{Israelachvili.2011,
 abstract = {This reference describes the role of various intermolecular and interparticle forces in determining the properties of simple systems such as gases, liquids and solids, with a special focus on more complex colloidal, polymeric and biological systems. The book provides a thorough foundation in theories and concepts of intermolecular forces, allowing researchers and students to recognize which forces are important in any particular system, as well as how to control these forces. This third edition is expanded into three sections and contains five new chapters over the previous edition. starts from the basics and builds up to more complex systems covers all aspects of intermolecular and interparticle forces both at the fundamental and applied levels multidisciplinary approach: bringing together and unifying phenomena from different fields This new edition has an expanded Part III and new chapters on non-equilibrium (dynamic) interactions, and tribology (friction forces).},
 author = {Israelachvili, Jacob N.},
 year = {2011},
 title = {Intermolecular and surface forces},
 url = {http\%3A//www.worldcat.org/oclc/706803091},
 keywords = {ISBN: 978-0-12-375182-9;Intermolecular forces;surface chemistry;SCIENCE;Oberfl{\"a}chenchemie;Van-der-Waals-Kraft;Biomembran;Wasserstoffbr{\"u}ckenbindung;Oppervlaktepotentiaal;Intermoleculaire potentiaal;Van der Waalsbinding;Electronic books;Chemistry, Physical;Molecular Weight;Physics},
 address = {Burlington, MA},
 urldate = {20.04.2015},
 edition = {3rd ed},
 publisher = {Academic Press}
}


@article{J.Katsaras.1992,
 author = {{J.~Katsaras} and {D. S.-C.~Yang} and {R. M.~Epand}},
 year = {1992},
 title = {Fatty acid chain tilt angles and directions in dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine  bilayers},
 pages = {1170},
 volume = {63},
 issn = {0006-3495},
 journal = {Biophys. J.}
}


@article{J.PeterSlotte.1999,
 author = {{J.Peter~Slotte}},
 year = {1999},
 title = {Sphingomyelin--cholesterol interactions in biological and model membranes},
 keywords = {SPHINGOLIPIDS},
 pages = {13--27},
 volume = {102},
 number = {1{\^a}{\text\euro}{\grqq}2},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/S0009-3084(99)00071-7}
}


@incollection{JamesH.Davis.1993,
 author = {{James~H.~Davis}},
 title = {The molecular dynamics, orientational order, and thermodynamics phase  equilibria of cholesterol/phosphatidylcholine mixtures: $^2$H nuclear  magnetic resonance: 4},
 pages = {67--135},
 publisher = {CRC},
 editor = {{Leonard~Finegold}},
 booktitle = {Cholesterol in Membrane Models},
 year = {1993}
}


@article{Jeu.2003,
 abstract = {Smectic membranes are perfect model systems for studying low-dimensional phase transitions and theassociated fluctuations. During the last two decades we have seen important progress in the understanding of the structure and fluctuation behavior of these systems, driven by both new experimental techniques and theoretical developments. Phase transitions are reviewed involving liquid, hexatic, and crystalline layers, which provide several types of model system for low-dimensional melting. The authors discuss the influence of the surfaces on the physical properties of the membranes as well as the crossover from three- to two-dimensional behavior. The layer-displacement fluctuations in smectic membranes have been investigated by specular and diffuse x-ray reflectivity. Theoretical and experimental aspects of the displacement-displacement correlation function are discussed. Of special interest is the quenching or enhancement of fluctuations at surfaces, which is directly related to the phenomenon of surface ordering. The authors consider the conditions under which fluctuations are conformal throughout a membrane, and then the dynamic aspects of the layer-displacement correlation function, which include the effects of finite size, surface tension, and viscous dissipation. This leads in smectic membranes to a discrete spectrum of elastic and viscous relaxation modes, which have been studied experimentally with coherent x rays at third-generation synchrotron sources. The fluctuating character of crystalline-B membranes is also considered. Finally, the article looks briefly at thinning transitions, smectic membranes of chiral molecules, smectic films on substrates, and applications to biologically relevant systems. Open questions and future trends in the field are discussed},
 author = {Jeu, W. H. de and Ostrovskii, B. I. and Shalaginov, A. N.},
 year = {2003},
 title = {Structure and fluctuations of smectic membranes},
 keywords = {FLUCTUATIONS;LAYER;PHASE-TRANSITION;PHASE-TRANSITIONS;REFLECTIVITY;X-RAY},
 pages = {181--235},
 volume = {75},
 journal = {Rev. Mod. Phys.}
}


@article{JianjunPan.2013,
 author = {{Jianjun~Pan} and {Frederick~A.~Heberle} and {Robin~S.~Petruzielo} and {John~Katsaras}},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Using small-angle neutron scattering to detect nanoscopic lipid domains},
 url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009308413000509},
 keywords = {<!-- Tag Not Handled --><keyword id={\#}kw0005{\#}>Phase separation},
 pages = {19--32},
 volume = {170-171},
 number = {0},
 journal = {Chem. Phys. Lipids},
 doi = {10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.02.012}
}

@article{Pencer.2005,
year={2005},
journal={Eur. Phys. J. E: Soft Matter Biol. Phys.},
volume={18},
number={4},
doi={10.1140/epje/e2005-00046-5},
title={Detection of submicron-sized raft-like domains in membranes  by small-angle neutron scattering},
url={http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epje/e2005-00046-5},
publisher={EDP Sciences},
author={Pencer, J. and Mills, T. and Anghel, V. and Krueger, S. and Epand, R. M. and Katsaras, J.},
pages={447-458}
}

@book{Hill.1986,
 author = {Hill, L. T.},
 year = {1986},
 title = {An Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics},
 keywords = {Thermodynamics},
 address = {New York, NY},
 publisher = {Dover Publications}
}


@article{Veatch.2007,
author = {Veatch, Sarah L. and Leung, Sherry S. W. and Hancock, Robert E. W. and Thewalt, Jenifer L.},
title = {Fluorescent Probes Alter Miscibility Phase Boundaries in Ternary Vesicles},
journal = {J. Phys. Chem. B},
volume = {111},
number = {3},
pages = {502-504},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1021/jp067636i},
}


@article{Zhang.1994,
 author = {Zhang, R. and Suter, R. M. and Nagle, J. F.},
 year = {1994},
 title = {Theory of the structure factor of lipid bilayers},
 keywords = {Caille Theory},
 urldate = {24.06.2015},
 pages = {5047--5059},
 volume = {50},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E}
}

@article{Zhao.2007,
title = {Phase studies of model biomembranes: Complex behavior of DSPC/DOPC/Cholesterol },
journal = "Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Biomembr.",
volume = {1768},
number = {11},
pages = {2764--2776},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.008},
author = {Jiang Zhao and Jing Wu and Frederick A. Heberle and Thalia T. Mills and Paul Klawitter and Grace Huang and Greg Costanza and Gerald W. Feigenson},
}

@article{Ayuyan.2006,
title = "Lipid Peroxides Promote Large Rafts: Effects of Excitation of Probes in Fluorescence Microscopy and Electrochemical Reactions during Vesicle Formation ",
journal = "Biophys. J. ",
volume = "91",
number = "6",
pages = "2172 - 2183",
year = "2006",
doi = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.087387",
author = "Artem G. Ayuyan and Fredric S. Cohen"
}




@article{Kucerka.2007,
author = {Ku\v{c}erka, Norbert and Pencer, Jeremy and Sachs, Jonathan N. and Nagle, John F. and Katsaras, John},
title = {Curvature Effect on the Structure of Phospholipid Bilayers},
journal = {Langmuir},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {1292--1299},
year = {2007},
doi = {10.1021/la062455t},
}


@article{Neumann.1991,
  title = {Coherent quasielastic neutron scattering study of the rotational dynamics of ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ in the orientationally disordered phase},
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  journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  volume = {67},
  issue = {27},
  pages = {3808--3811},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1991},
  month = {Dec},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3808},
}

@article{Carpenter.1985,
  title = {Correlated Motions in Glasses Studied by Coherent Inelastic Neutron Scattering},
  author = {Carpenter, J. M. and Price, D. L.},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  volume = {54},
  issue = {5},
  pages = {441--443},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1985},
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  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.441},
}


@article{Buchenau.1986,
  title = {Low-frequency modes in vitreous silica},
  author = {Buchenau, U. and Prager, M. and N\"ucker, N. and Dianoux, A. J. and Ahmad, N. and Phillips, W. A.},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
  volume = {34},
  issue = {8},
  pages = {5665--5673},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1986},
  month = {Oct},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.34.5665},
}

@article{Nielsen.1973,
  title = {Phonons in Solid Hydrogen and Deuterium Studied by Inelastic Coherent Neutron Scattering},
  author = {Nielsen, M.},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. B},
  volume = {7},
  issue = {4},
  pages = {1626--1635},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1973},
  month = {Feb},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevB.7.1626},
}

@article{Copley.1974,
  title = {Short-Wavelength Collective Excitations in Liquid Rubidium Observed by Coherent Neutron Scattering},
  author = {Copley, J. R. D. and Rowe, J. M.},
  journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
  volume = {32},
  issue = {2},
  pages = {49--52},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1974},
  month = {Jan},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.32.49},
}

@article{Fitter.1996,
  title = {Internal molecular motions of bacteriorhodopsin: hydration-induced flexibility studied by quasielastic incoherent neutron scattering using oriented purple membranes},
  author = {J. Fitter, R. E. Lechner, G. Buldt, and N. A. Dencher},
  journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.},
  volume = {93},
  issue = {15},
  pages = {7600--7605},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1996},
  month = {Jan},
}
@article{Vineyard.1958,
  title = {Scattering of Slow Neutrons by a Liquid},
  author = {Vineyard, George H.},
  journal = {Phys. Rev.},
  volume = {110},
  issue = {5},
  pages = {999--1010},
  numpages = {0},
  year = {1958},
  month = {Jun},
  publisher = {American Physical Society},
  doi = {10.1103/PhysRev.110.999},
}
%*******************************************************
% This file was created with Citavi 5.0.0.11

@article{Alsop.2015,
 author = {Alsop, Richard J. and Toppozini, Laura and Marquardt, Drew and Ku{\v{c}}erka, Norbert and Harroun, Thad A. and Rheinst{\"a}dter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Aspirin inhibits formation of cholesterol rafts in fluid lipid membranes},
 pages = {805--812},
 volume = {1848},
 number = {3},
 issn = {0006-3002},
 journal = {Biochim. Biophys. Acta},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.023}
}


@article{Marquardt.2013,
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 year = {2013},
 title = {Tocopherol activity correlates with its location in a membrane: a new perspective on the antioxidant vitamin E},
 keywords = {alpha-Tocopherol/chemistry;Antioxidants/chemistry;Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions;Kinetics;Lipid Bilayers/chemistry;Molecular Conformation;Vitamin E/chemistry},
 pages = {7523--7533},
 volume = {135},
 number = {20},
 issn = {1520-5126},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja312665r}
}


@article{Mezei.1972,
 author = {Mezei, F.},
 year = {1972},
 title = {Neutron spin echo: A new concept in polarized thermal neutron techniques},
 pages = {146--160},
 volume = {255},
 number = {2},
 issn = {1434-6001},
 journal = {Zeitschrift f\"{u}r Physik},
 doi = {10.1007/BF01394523}
}


@article{Nickels.2012,
 author = {Nickels, Jonathan D. and O'Neill, Hugh and Hong, Liang and Tyagi, Madhusudan and Ehlers, Georg and Weiss, Kevin L. and Zhang, Qiu and Yi, Zheng and Mamontov, Eugene and Smith, Jeremy C. and Sokolov, Alexei P.},
 year = {2012},
 title = {Dynamics of protein and its hydration water: neutron scattering studies on fully deuterated GFP},
 keywords = {Deuterium/chemistry;Green Fluorescent Proteins/chemistry/metabolism;Models, Molecular;Neutron Diffraction;Protein Structure, Secondary;Temperature;Water/chemistry},
 pages = {1566--1575},
 volume = {103},
 number = {7},
 issn = {1542-0086},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2012.08.046}
}


@article{Nickels.2013,
 author = {Nickels, Jonathan D. and Perticaroli, Stefania and O'Neill, Hugh and Zhang, Qiu and Ehlers, Georg and Sokolov, Alexei P.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Coherent neutron scattering and collective dynamics in the protein, GFP},
 keywords = {Deuterium/chemistry;Green Fluorescent Proteins/chemistry/metabolism;Neutron Diffraction;Protein Structure, Secondary;Vibration},
 pages = {2182--2187},
 volume = {105},
 number = {9},
 issn = {1542-0086},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
 doi = {10.1016/j.bpj.2013.09.029}
}


@article{Olson.1990,
 author = {Olson, Lori L. and Cheung, Andrew P.},
 year = {1990},
 title = {31P-NMR assay of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine in AL721},
 pages = {725--728},
 volume = {8},
 number = {8-12},
 issn = {07317085},
 journal = {J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal.},
 doi = {10.1016/0731-7085(90)80111-2}
}


@article{Pan.2015,
 author = {Pan, Jianjun and Cheng, Xiaolin and Sharp, Melissa and Ho, Chian-Sing and Khadka, Nawal and Katsaras, John},
 year = {2015},
 title = {Structural and mechanical properties of cardiolipin lipid bilayers determined using neutron spin echo, small angle neutron and X-ray scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations},
 pages = {130--138},
 volume = {11},
 number = {1},
 issn = {1744-6848},
 journal = {Soft matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c4sm02227k}
}



@article{Pfeiffer.1989,
 author = {Pfeiffer, W. and Henkel, Th and Sackmann, E. and Knoll, W. and Richter, D.},
 year = {1989},
 title = {Local Dynamics of Lipid Bilayers Studied by Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering},
 pages = {201--206},
 volume = {8},
 number = {2},
 issn = {0295-5075},
 journal = {Europhys. Lett.},
 doi = {10.1209/0295-5075/8/2/016}
}


@article{Rheinstadter.2004,
 author = {Rheinst{\"a}dter, M. C. and Ollinger, C. and Fragneto, G. and Demmel, F. and Salditt, T.},
 year = {2004},
 title = {Collective Dynamics of Lipid Membranes Studied by Inelastic Neutron Scattering},
 volume = {93},
 number = {10},
 issn = {0031-9007},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.108107}
}


@article{Rheinstadter.2005,
 author = {Rheinst{\"a}dter, Maikel and Seydel, Tilo and Demmel, Franz and Salditt, Tim},
 year = {2005},
 title = {Molecular motions in lipid bilayers studied by the neutron backscattering technique},
 volume = {71},
 number = {6},
 issn = {1539-3755},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. E},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevE.71.061908}
}


@article{Sears.2006,
 author = {Sears, Varley F.},
 year = {2006},
 title = {Neutron scattering lengths and cross sections},
 pages = {26--37},
 volume = {3},
 number = {3},
 issn = {1044-8632},
 journal = {Neutron News},
 doi = {10.1080/10448639208218770}
}


@article{Swenson.2008,
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 year = {2008},
 title = {Solvent and lipid dynamics of hydrated lipid bilayers by incoherent quasielastic neutron scattering},
 keywords = {Elasticity;Lipid Bilayers/chemistry;Motion;Neutron Diffraction/methods;Solvents/chemistry;Temperature;Water/chemistry},
 pages = {45101},
 volume = {129},
 number = {4},
 issn = {1089-7690},
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}


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 pages = {L9-L11},
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 number = {6},
 issn = {1542-0086},
 journal = {Biophys. J.},
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}


@article{Wood.2008,
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 year = {2008},
 title = {Coincidence of dynamical transitions in a soluble protein and its hydration water: direct measurements by neutron scattering and MD simulations},
 keywords = {Carrier Proteins/chemistry;Computer Simulation;Deuterium/chemistry;Maltose-Binding Proteins;Neutron Diffraction/methods;Temperature;Water/chemistry},
 pages = {4586--4587},
 volume = {130},
 number = {14},
 issn = {1520-5126},
 journal = {J. Am. Chem. Soc.},
 doi = {10.1021/ja710526r}
}


@article{Woodka.2012,
 author = {Woodka, Andrea C. and Butler, Paul D. and Porcar, Lionel and Farago, Bela and Nagao, Michihiro},
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 title = {Lipid Bilayers and Membrane Dynamics: Insight into Thickness Fluctuations},
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 issn = {0031-9007},
 journal = {Phys. Rev. Lett.},
 doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.058102}
}


@article{Yi.2009,
 author = {Yi, Zheng and Nagao, Michihiro and Bossev, Dobrin P.},
 year = {2009},
 title = {Bending elasticity of saturated and monounsaturated phospholipid membranes studied by the neutron spin echo technique},
 pages = {155104},
 volume = {21},
 number = {15},
 issn = {0953-8984},
 journal = {J. Phys.: Condens. Matter},
 doi = {10.1088/0953-8984/21/15/155104}
}


@article{Maier.1966,
 author = {Maier-Leibnitz, H.},
 year = {1966},
 title = {Grundlagen für die Beurteilung von Intensitäts- und Genauigkeitsfragen bei Neutronenstreumessungen },
 pages = {61},
 volume = {8},
 number = {},
 journal = {Nukleonik},
}


@article{Nickels.2012b,
 author = {Nickels, J.D.},
 year = {2013},
 title = {Instrumental Resolution Effects in Neutron Scattering Studies of Protein Dynamics},
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}

@article{Nickels.2015b,
 author = {Nickels, J.D.},
 year = {2015},
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 pages = {},
 volume = {},
 number = {},
 journal = {Under Review},
}


@article{Armstrong.2014,
 author = {Armstrong, Clare L. and H{\"a}ussler, Wolfgang and Seydel, Tilo and Katsaras, John and Rheinst{\"a}dter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2014},
 title = {Nanosecond lipid dynamics in membranes containing cholesterol},
 keywords = {Cholesterol/chemistry;Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry;Lipid Bilayers/chemistry/metabolism;Neutron Diffraction;Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry;Scattering, Small Angle;Time Factors},
 pages = {2600--2611},
 volume = {10},
 number = {15},
 issn = {1744-6848},
 journal = {Soft matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c3sm51757h}
}


@article{Armstrong.2010,
 author = {Armstrong, Clare L. and Kaye, Martin D. and Zamponi, Michaela and Mamontov, Eugene and Tyagi, Madhusudan and Jenkins, Timothy and Rheinst{\"a}dter, Maikel C.},
 year = {2010},
 title = {Diffusion in single supported lipid bilayers studied by quasi-elastic neutron scattering},
 pages = {5864},
 volume = {6},
 number = {23},
 issn = {1744-6848},
 journal = {Soft matter},
 doi = {10.1039/c0sm00637h}
}



@article{Arriaga.2010,
 author = {Arriaga, L. R. and Rodr{\'i}guez-Garc{\'i}a, R. and L{\'o}pez-Montero, I. and Farago, B. and Hellweg, T. and Monroy, F.},
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